The large vibration of the transmission line caused by wind and ice has brought about significant damage to the grid. The transmission line maintenance has a huge demand on energy supply. Therefore, a differential triboelectric nanogenerator (Di-TENG) for suppressing line vibration and energy harvesting is proposed, designed, analyzed and tested. The Di-TENG mainly consists of two fixed pulleys, two flexible steel cables, two pull springs, one generator unit and two guide rails. A model of the line covered with ice is established and theoretical analysis of the transmission line vibration suppression is implemented. The energy harvesting performance of the Di-TENG is also investigated. An energy harvesting performance testing platform and a transmission line oscillation system were built in the laboratory environment. A practical experiment was conducted on a real transmission line system. The experimental results show that the Di-TENG can decrease the vibration of an ice-covered transmission line by up to 28%. The Di-TENG can generate an open-circuit voltage of 180 V, a short-circuit current of 6.6 μA and a transfer charge of 73 nC, and a peak power of 0.73 mW, powering a microwave sensor. This study demonstrates the potential application of the Di-TENG for vibration suppression and energy harvesting in the grid. The Di-TENG provides new ideas for self-powered systems based on transmission lines.