Correlation Between Increase of Axial Length and Height Growth in Chinese School-Age Children

Tao, Lixia; Wang, Chunxiao; Peng, Yiyi; Xu, Meiping; Wan, Ming; Lou, Jiangtao; Yu, Xinping

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.817882

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The AL and AL/CR ratio of boys were 0.43 mm and 0.03 higher than that of girls, respectively. These differences may be due to the harmony between eye growth and the body ( 34 ). Saw et al analyzed the height and AL of 1,449 children aged 7–9 years and showed that taller children have a longer AL ( 35 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Factors Among Japanese Preschool Children

Matsumura

Dannoue

Kawakami

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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PurposeTo investigate the prevalence of myopia and factors associated with spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL), and axial length to corneal radius of curvature (AL/CR) ratio among Japanese preschool children.Study DesignProspective observational study.MethodsThis cross-sectional study evaluated subjects aged 4–6 years from a preschool. Non-cycloplegic autorefraction was measured using the Spot Vision Screener, while AL and corneal radius (CR) were measured using the Myopia Master. Parental myopia and environmental factors were investigated using the myopia-related factor questionnaire. The worse eye with higher myopic SE was chosen for analysis, and multiple linear regression models was performed using AL, SE, and AL/CR ratio as dependent variables.ResultsA total of 457 out of 514 participants (239 males, 52.3%) aged 4–6 years (mean 4.77 ± 0.65 years) were included. The mean SE was 0.13 ± 0.63 D, AL was 22.35 ± 0.67 mm, CR was 7.76 ± 0.25 mm, and AL/CR ratio was 2.88 ± 0.72. The overall prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 2.9 and 0.2%, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that myopic SE was significantly associated with male sex (β = −0.14, p = 0.02) and parental myopia (β = −0.15, p = 0.04). Meanwhile, longer AL was significantly associated with older age (β = 0.13, p = 0.02), male sex (β = 0.44, p < 0.001), parental myopia (β = 0.24, p = 0.01), and screen time (including smartphones, tablets, and computers) (>1 h, β = 0.14, p = 0.04). A higher AL/CR was significantly associated with older age (β = 0.02, p < 0.001), male sex (β = 0.03, p < 0.001), ratio and parental myopia (β = 0.03, p = 0.02).ConclusionThe prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 2.9 and 0.2%, respectively, among Japanese preschool children in 2021. Longer AL was associated with older age, male sex, parental myopia, and screen time in children aged 4–6 years. Children with a high risk of myopia can be identified early based on parental myopia information for early prevention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Factors Among Japanese Preschool Children

Matsumura

Dannoue

Kawakami

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous studies have shown controversial results on these associations and have mainly been studied in China. [99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107] Time spent asleep, outdoors and on near work did not differ between the two groups, even after accounting for age. However, multiple linear regression models showed that M is predicted by age and time spent outdoors, and AXL by age, time spent outdoors and time asleep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…No effect of weight or height was observed in M, AXL or AXL/CR after accounting for age. Previous studies have shown controversial results on these associations and have mainly been studied in China 99–107 . Time spent asleep, outdoors and on near work did not differ between the two groups, even after accounting for age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Baseline metrics that may predict future myopia in young children

Vera-Díaz

Jnawali

Panorgias

et al. 2023

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Myopia is a major public health concern precipitated by its increasing prevalence worldwide 1-7 and the associated risk of potentially blinding conditions. [8][9][10][11][12] Projections indicate that by the year 2050, over half of the world's population will have myopia, with 10% of those having high myopia. 13 Individuals with myopia, even low to moderate myopia, are at higher risk for a number of ocular pathologies, including myopic maculopathy, glaucoma, retinal detachment and certain types of cataract. 14,15 Furthermore, the increasingly earlier onset of myopia in children with consequent higher progression rates is generating an epidemic of potentially blinding, high myopia. For all these reasons, there is an urgent need to prevent myopia development and its progression.

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“…The AL plays a vital role in refraction, but a long AL does not necessarily mean more severe myopia. Emmetropia is a balance between AL, corneal power and lens power ( 22 ). In patients with emmetropes or low myopia, the function of the cornea seems to compensate for the possible myopic effects of slight increases in AL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between anthropometric indicators and refraction in school-age children during the post-COVID-19 era

Ding

Guo

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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PurposeTo explore the associations between anthropometric indicators and refraction in school-aged children in the post-COVID-19 era.MethodsData were collected from 25,644 children aged 7 to 12 years in 48 elementary schools in Tianjin. The comprehensive examination included height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), refraction, and calculation of BMI, with a follow-up visit after 6 months. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤-0.50 diopter (D). Bivariate correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression models were used to explore the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between anthropometric indicators (height, weight, BMI, SBP, and DBP) and refraction.ResultsThe mean changes in height, weight, BMI, SBP, DBP, and SER of the participants were 4.03 ± 2.18 cm, 3.10 ± 2.39 kg, 0.45 ± 1.16 kg/m2, 2.26 ± 14.74 mmHg, 2.18 ± 11.79 mmHg and −0.17 ± 0.51 D, respectively. Overall, height, weight, BMI, SBP, and DBP were all correlated with SER (r = −0.324, r = −0.234, r = −0.121, r = −0.112, r = −0.066, both p < 0.001), and changes in height and weight were correlated with changes in SER (r = −0.034, −0.031, both p < 0.001). Furthermore, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the association of BMI, SBP, and DBP with SER was significant in myopic children but not in non-myopic children. The association between changes in weight and changes in SER was only present in non-myopic children but not in myopic children.ConclusionHeight and weight were negatively correlated with SER in both cross-sectional analysis and longitudinal changes, indicating that children's height, weight and growth rate may be used as a reference indicator for myopia risk prediction and myopia progression monitoring.

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Correlation Between Increase of Axial Length and Height Growth in Chinese School-Age Children

Cited by 11 publications

References 52 publications

Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Factors Among Japanese Preschool Children

Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Factors Among Japanese Preschool Children

Baseline metrics that may predict future myopia in young children

Associations between anthropometric indicators and refraction in school-age children during the post-COVID-19 era

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