Correlation between smokeless tobacco (Gutkha) and biomarkers of oxidative stress in plasma with cardiovascular effects

Abstract

Tobacco products are widely consumed around the world in smoking and smokeless tobacco (SLT) forms. Analysis of smokeless tobacco consumption suggested that the effects of nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines, the main ingredients of smokeless tobacco are attractive to study because its consumption often results in biochemical changes of plasma parameters and markers of oxidative stress development. Smokeless tobacco users generally consume the most commonly available SLT products like khaleja brand of gutkha and mahak chaini brand of khaini 3-5 times per day. We found a significant increase in plasma glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol indicative of atherosclerosis risk. We also found that the plasma peroxynitrites (ONOO À), nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and protein carbonyls (PCO) levels were significantly elevated. Plasma nicotine and cotinine levels were significantly elevated in study subjects, suggesting that nicotine could be responsible for the oxidative and nitrosative stress indirectly inducing cardiovascular risk. There was a strong correlation of nicotine with reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), cholesterol, and creatinine in exposed smokeless tobacco (gutkha) consumers. These data demonstrate SLT users are at high cardiovascular risk due to nicotine-induced free radicals and oxidative damage.

Evaluation of Salivary Lipid Peroxidation in Paan Users

“…An essential function of nitric oxide synthase is to produce peroxynitrites, which initiate lipid peroxidation (2). Furthermore, nicotine and tobaccospecific nitrosamines interfere with the antioxidant system, increase ROS levels, and contribute to cellular oxidastress (2,13).…”

“…A free radical, such as H2O2 ions, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anions, which are chemically highly reactive, can damage the lipids in the oral mucosa by activating lipid peroxidation (10). Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of lipid peroxidation and a biomarker of oxidative stress (11)(12)(13), which plays an essential role in DNA damage, mutagenicity, and car-cinogenesis (12,13).…”

A study to find out correlation between life style, nutritional status, personnel habits, physical development and sudden death due to cardiac origin

“…Authors has also observed that people consume smokeless tobacco are also on high risk of cardiovascular disease and in our study we also observed that deceased consume SLT are affected more to sudden death of cardiac origin as compared to smoking. [14][15][16][17][18] Atheroma and calcification is common in the coronary arteries in sudden death cases. In present study it is observed that coronary atheroma present in almost all autopsies.…”

“…These data demonstrate SLT users are at high cardiovascular risk due to nicotine-induced free radicals and oxidative damage. 7 Histopathological examination of the heart is very important tool to come to definitive opinion regarding the presence of infarction at autopsy. On gross examination the infarct is not identifiable within the first 12 hours but under the microscopic examination the area of myocardial infarction presents as a circumscribed area of ischemic, coagulative necrosis (cell death).…”

Smokeless Tobacco Enhance Allergic Inflammation, Exacerbation of Asthma and Oxidative Stress in Asthmatic Patients from Algeria

“…Smoking and smokeless tobacco (ST) products are the two modes of tobacco consumption that have been assessed throughout the globe and the practice of ST is common (Shaik et al 2021; Kumar et al 2017). In total, there are 1.4 billion tobacco users aged 15 years and above worldwide, 1.07 billion smokers and 367 million smokeless tobacco users.…”