Corrigendum to: A strengths-based analysis of social influences that enhance HIV testing among female sex workers in urban Indonesia

Abstract

Background: HIV prevalence among female sex workers in Indonesia remains high and large proportions of female sex workers have never been tested for HIV. International research highlights the importance of community-led strategies to increase HIV testing in this population. Little qualitative research has been conducted to address these issues in Indonesia or other Asia-Pacific countries. This paper documents social influences that enhance HIV testing among female sex workers in urban Indonesia. Methods: This was an interpretive qualitative study in Yogyakarta, Denpasar and Bandung. In total, 57 female sex workers participated in 11 focus group discussions, and four participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Deductive and inductive thematic analysis techniques were used to identify narratives of strengths pertaining to uptake of HIV testing. Results: Participants described supportive relationships with peers, community-based organisations and ‘bosses’. Participants reported trusted networks with peers within which to share information about HIV testing and receive emotional support. Relationships with community outreach workers facilitated HIV testing through reminders, accompanied visits, and emotional/informational support. Community-based organisations worked with health services to facilitate mobile, community-based testing to overcome employment- and family-related constraints that inhibited women’s clinic attendance. ‘Bosses’ employed a variety of practices to encourage HIV testing among their workers. Conclusions: Relationships, practices and action in community- and workplace-based settings outside formal health service spaces enhanced HIV testing among female sex workers. Community- or workplace-based HIV testing with outreach support from health services, peer-led HIV testing within existing social and work-based networks, and working with bosses to implement HIV prevention strategies can address low HIV testing rates in this key population.

Social Influences on Engagement With HIV Testing, Treatment and Care Services Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Living in Rural Uganda

“…Socio-ecological models have been used analytically in health research to examine the diverse influences on people's health seeking practices (Casey et al, 2009;Jennings et al, 2020;Muller et al, 2019;Wheeler & Early, 2018).These models have facilitated exploration of interpersonal, institutional and public policy influences on key populations' access to HIV prevention, testing, treatment and care many international settings (Lazuardi et al, 2020;Mitchell et al, 2019;Whitford et al, 2021) including Uganda (Nakiganda et al, 2021;Tumwine et al, 2019Tumwine et al, , 2020. Socio-ecological models have predominantly been used to examine barriers to accessing services.…”

Costs and scale-up costs of community-based Oral HIV Self-Testing for female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Jakarta and Bali, Indonesia

“…However, this need to be carefully considered whether it is possible to manage HIV CBS program without or with minimal involvement of NGOs and peer leaders as other variables need to be explored other than cost and outcome (such as resource management capacity, approach and relation to key populations). Especially when discussing about hard to reach populations (high prevention gap) in Indonesia such as MSM [ 38 ] and FSW, their sexual partner and client, which need to be carefully considered which strategy is more promising thus increasing HIV testing and closing the prevention gap [ 39 ]. Further distribution strategies need to be explored to ensure which strategies is more effective for several KPs.…”

Costs and Scale-Up Costs of Community-Based HIV Self-Testing for Female Sex Workers and Men Who have Sex with Men in Jakarta and Bali, Indonesia

“…However, this need to be carefully considered whether it is possible to manage HIV CBS program without or with minimal involvement of NGOs and peer leaders as other variables need to be explored other than cost and outcome (such as resource management capacity, approach and relation to key populations). Especially when discussing about hard to reach populations (high prevention gap) in Indonesia such as MSM 20 and FSW, their sexual partner and client, which need to be carefully considered which strategy is more promising thus increasing HIV testing and closing the prevention gap 21 . Further distribution strategies need to be explored to ensure which strategies is more effective for several KPs.…”