The
synthesis of the endo five-membered cyclo-ortho-palladated benzophenone imines [Pd{C6H4(Ph)CNR}]2(μ-X)2 [1 (X = OAc), 2 (X = Cl), a (R =
phenyl), b (R = 1-naphthyl), c (R = benzyl), d (R = α-methylbenzyl)], and trans-N,P-[Pd{C6H4(Ph)CNR}X(PPh3)] [3 (X = OAc), 4 (X = Cl), a (R = phenyl), b (R = 1-naphthyl), c (R = benzyl), d (R = α-methylbenzyl)] and the
X-ray molecular structure of 1a, 1c, 1d, 4a, 4b, and 4c are
reported. The antitumor activity, DNA interaction, and cathepsin B
inhibition of palladium compounds a–d were studied and compared with those previously reported for palladium
compounds e with R = H and compound 4f analogous
to 4e but with a platinum(II) center. The IC50 values against a panel of human cancer cell lines allowed the establishment
of a qualitative relationship between their structure and antitumor
activity. Compounds 3e, 4e, and 4f were the most active ones in relation to their in vitro anticancer
activity. Compounds 3e and 4e were about
4 times more active than cisplatin against the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7
breast human cancer lines, and compound 4f was about
4 times more active than cisplatin against the cisplatin-resistant
HCT-116 colon human cancer cell line. In addition, compound 3e was 3 times less cytotoxic than cisplatin toward the quiescent
HUVEC cells. Accumulation of palladium compounds e and b in the MDA-MB-231 cell line was considerably greater than
that of cisplatin in the same cell line, but palladium compounds b were noncytotoxic. Some of these complexes altered the DNA
tertiary structure in a similar way to cisplatin but at higher concentration,
and most cytotoxic ones did not present a high efficiency as cathepsin
B inhibitors.