Corrosion problems during oil and gas production and its mitigation

Abstract

In this research, hydrogel biocomposites were prepared from whey protein isolate (WPI), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and synthetic polymers in varied ratios. Their physicochemical properties were evaluated by FTIR, SEM, TGA, AFM, and TEM. FTIR spectra revealed significant peaks at 1167 cm −1 for C-O-C peak and at 1449 cm −1 for O-H bending for WPI and rGO, respectively. The hydrogels were loaded with proguanil hydrochloride and chloroquine diphosphate and in vitro release kinetics of individual drugs from the biocomposites were studied. The SEM images of the biocomposites after drug release confirmed that they are biodegradable. The drug release was controlled, pH-dependent which further confirmed that the hydrogels are pH-sensitive. The release of proguanil from the hydrogels was slow when compared to chloroquine, suggesting that the solubility of the drug influenced their rate of release. The drug release from the biocomposites fitted the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with n values for chloroquine between 0.46 and 0.49 at pH of 1.2 and between 0.72 and 1.41 at pH of 7.4. The n values for proguanil were between 0.66 and 0.83 at pH 1.2 and 0.85-0.92 at pH 7.4. The results obtained suggested that the biocomposites are potential systems that can be tailored for controlled delivery of bioactive agents.

Problems Associated with Sour Gas in the Oilfield Industry and Their Solutions

“…There are two ways of preventing corrosion: blocking active sites on the metal, or adjusting the potential of the surface to promote the formation of a protective scale. 35 In general, the second option is rarely used and often scale inhibitors are even added. Whilst a scale can be protective, it is hard to maintain a complete and even layer with breakdown of the scale leading to the accelerated corrosion of mesa pitting.…”

“…35 The aim of cathodic protection is to minimize the potential difference in the system that allows the corrosion to proceed. One method is a sacrificial anode.…”

“…VpCIs are also compatible with a range of drag reducers, which keep the pipeline flowing quickly, minimizing the time in which corrosion can occur. 35,129 (13)…”

“…Hydrogen sulfide corrosion of the form shown in reaction (2), resulting in hydrogen radicals 4,35 that further weaken the metal by stress cracking.…”

Revised burst model for pipeline integrity assessment

“…Pipeline corrosion is defined as a chemical or electrochemical reaction that occurs between the material of the pipeline and its surrounding ocean environments, which causes crystal failure or damage on the surface of the pipeline (Popoola, 2013).…”