Corrosive effects of H 2 S and NH 3 on natural gas piping systems manufactured of carbon steel

Latõšov, Eduard; Loorits, Mihkel; Maaten, Birgit; Volkova, Anna; Soosaar, Sulev

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.319

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Dissolved CO 2 partly forms H 2 CO 3 , which is also corrosive but produces iron carbonate FeCO 3 (Kahyarian et al 2017), which is not observed on the pipes in the Molasse Basin. N 2 and CH 4 generally do not contribute to corrosion (Leygraf et al 2016), (Popoola et al 2013;Latosov et al 2017).…”

Section: Measured Gases and Modeled Degassing Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical and operational parameters driving carbonate scale kinetics at geothermal facilities in the Bavarian Molasse Basin

2020

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The majority of scales observed at geothermal facilities exploring the Malm Aquifer in the Bavarian Molasse Basin are carbonates. They form due to a disruption of the lime–carbonic acid equilibrium during production caused by a reduction of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pressure change and degassing. These scales are found at the pumps, production pipes, filters, heat exchangers, and occasionally in the injection pipes. In this study, scales of all sections of geothermal facilities were taken. The database consists of scale samples from 13 geothermal pumps, 6,000 m production pipe (sample interval 10 - 12 m), 11 heat exchanger revisions, 2 injection pipes, and numerous filter elements. The samples were analyzed by SEM-EDX, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and acid digestion to assess their chemical and mineralogical composition. From direct gauge measurements at six facilities during pump changes, scale rates were determined along the production pipes. From indirect measurements (multifinger caliper measurements) scale rates are derived for the region below the pump. Hydrochemical analyses from the wellhead were taken from 13 sites to feed the hydrogeochemical models. The calcite scale rates in the production pipes increase from the pump to the wellhead, where they reach 1.5 - 4.1 $$\mu$$ μ mol/($$\hbox {m}^2\,\cdot$$ m 2 · s). Scale rates below the pump reach up to 1.5 $$\mu$$ μ mol/($$\hbox {m}^2\,\cdot$$ m 2 · s). Given the slight change of hydrochemistry on the rise through the production pipe, where < 4 % of dissolved calcium ions precipitate as scale, scale rates cannot be derived from water samples at the wellhead, but require direct gauge measurements. The small amount of precipitation, together with fully turbulent conditions suggests that all measured rates are controlled by the surface-reaction of calcite crystallization following the nomenclature of Appelo and Postma (2004). Two approaches are used for the modeling of the scale rates. The first approach is based on hydrogeochemical modeling with PHREEQC. Scale rates calculated by this method are one order of magnitude higher than the measured ones. The second approach is based on correlations between the measured scale rates at the wellhead at six facilities and identified thermodynamic scale drivers ($$\Delta$$ Δ log (p$$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 ), $$\Delta$$ Δ total pressure, $$\Delta$$ Δ pH, and $$\hbox {SI}_{{calcite}}$$ SI calcite ). The correlations allow linear regressions which are used for the prediction of the scale rate at the wellhead, along the whole production pipe, and below. The modeling results show that scale prediction based on the new regressions that rely on thermodynamic scale drivers works better than existing hydrogeochemical models, already without implementation of kinetic parameters ($$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 -stripping and magnesium inhibition).

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Section: Measured Gases and Modeled Degassing Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical and operational parameters driving carbonate scale kinetics at geothermal facilities in the Bavarian Molasse Basin

2020

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“…The hiking stratospheric CO2 acidifies the planet, savaging marine biostructures and other inhabitants [21][22][23][24]. In addition to the already hiking CO2, methane (CH4), the GHG counterpart dissipating alongside biodegradation emerge as the multiple-times more corrosive than CO2 [25,26]. Perturbation in the natural ecosystem, uncontrolled evaporation [27,28] and ice-melting following global warming are factors to the recurring climate uncertainties manifested as drought, flood, and other environmental disasters, marking GHG an unceasing issue with a great deal of impact on agricultural [29] productivity -rubber without exception [30][31][32].…”

Section: Resource-efficient Serendipity For Prosperitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rich Dad and Poor Dad: Biomass Circularity Science Empathizing Rubber Smallholders

Ghazali

Zbiec

2022

ARASET

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Analysis of rubber and rubberwood biomass management revealed an actualized twin-loop circularity arising from the multibillion-dollar export revenue downstream and upstream segments. Despite resembling zero-waste and resource-efficient system, the revenue from natural rubber exports does not translate as the wealth of rubber smallholders, pressing them as the persistent ‘poor dad’ in the rubber value chain. This study dwells on how to empower the smallholders through high-quality rubber production efficiency to compensate for the nose-diving rubber price. Analysis of the challenges facing the seemingly forced labor recognized operational costs as the main hindrance to productivity. Mapping the challenges to solutions identified the need for immediate actions and the transformative actionable educational approach for deploying an efficient upstream segment. Access to productive clones, government stringent taxation policy on imported rubber feedstock, and a shift to machine-tapper and portable rubber processors are the immediately actionable solutions. Availing expandable rubber-related education programs for youths in smallholder families is critical to actualize technology-driven, and high-productivity farming for the segment to build back better. Continuous learning is mandatory to innovate, engage in the value chain, and multiply the current twin-loop circularity for the succession of dignified smallholders in sustaining the rubber industry.

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“…Due to the corrosive nature of biogas, and especially the combinations of moisture with hydrogen sulfide and/or ammonia, construction materials for piping and equipment should be appropriate for the anticipated service conditions (temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.). 16 While choosing the right material for the system is important, monitoring the equipment and piping should be conducted at regular intervals to identify an area where there is the potential for a loss in mechanical integrity. Additionally, an owner/operator should consider installing real-time gas monitoring within the facility and on personnel to maintain employee safety, identify fugitive leaks in a timely manner, and reduce the risk of damage to external process equipment that is susceptible to corrosion.…”

Section: Toxic and Corrosive Byproductsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Associated Process Hazards and Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process hazard considerations for utilization of renewable methane from biogas

Dee

Hietala

Sulmonetti

2022

Process Safety Progress

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Biogas production and use is a growing sector in the global alternative energy landscape. Biogas is a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons (primarily methane) that is generated from the biological breakdown of organic material. This mixture can be separated and upgraded to produce renewable methane with a lower greenhouse gas footprint and cumulative energy demand than natural gas generated from fossil fuels. Biogas generation also typically provides an additional benefit of utilizing a waste stream as a feedstock. As industries and economies continue to produce organic waste, biogas and biomethane generation represent a large opportunity for production of sustainable fuels that can be used as drop‐in replacements for common fossil fuels. As a result, biogas generation and production of renewable methane are attractive technologies for industries with an aim to reduce their impact on the environment and meet sustainability goals. However, the production of biogas presents its own set of hazards and challenges that must be identified, analyzed, and mitigated. The paper will address common hazards (and how to manage the hazards) that a facility encounters when developing a project aimed at utilizing renewable methane through biogas generation.

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Corrosive effects of H 2 S and NH 3 on natural gas piping systems manufactured of carbon steel

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

Hydrochemical and operational parameters driving carbonate scale kinetics at geothermal facilities in the Bavarian Molasse Basin

Hydrochemical and operational parameters driving carbonate scale kinetics at geothermal facilities in the Bavarian Molasse Basin

Rich Dad and Poor Dad: Biomass Circularity Science Empathizing Rubber Smallholders

Process hazard considerations for utilization of renewable methane from biogas

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