Corruption Risk Analysis at the Project Planning Stage in the Iraqi Construction Sector using the Bowtie Methodology

Abstract

In this paper, the bowtie method was utilized by a multidisciplinary team in the Federal Board of Supreme Audit (FBSA)for the purpose of managing corruption risks threatening the Iraqi construction sector. Corruption in Iraq is a widespread phenomenon that threatens to degrade society and halt the wheel of economic development, so it must be reduced through appropriate strategies. A total of eleven corruption risks have been identified by the involved parties in corruption and were analyzed by using probability and impact matrix and their priority has been ranked. Bowtie analysis was conducted on four factors with high score risk in causing corruption in the planning stage. The number and effectiveness of the existing proactive measures to prevent threats from resulting in corruption and were examined for each threat.

Technical Audit and Unethical Practices in the Construction Industry

“…Social behaviours were identified as causes of unethical practices such as greed, personal culture, family firms, fear of the unknown, the culture of impunity, lack of a reward system, absence of ethical training programmes, lack of consequences when caught, diminished environment, absence of ethics systems, poor education, unethical leader roles, cultural differences, close relationships among contracting parties, perceived behavioural control, and attitude [27][28][29]. Some of the other causes of unethical practices, such as the overriding of the audit process over the contracting process, unfair behaviours, strict rules, unrealistic estimates/targets, negligence, non-disclosure of financial status, fraudulent qualifications, international pressure on the bidding process, the relationship between the owner and one of the bidders, insufficient sanctions, insufficient compliance with the audit report for design work, contract inspection difficulties, and the use of substandard materials and services, were discussed in studies by Githui [30] and Alani & Mahjoob [31]. Project stakeholders in Ghana's perceptions of unethical practices in the construction industry identified corruption, bribery, political interference, and kickbacks as the most prevalent behaviors.…”

Analysis of Cause-Effect Relations in the Chronology of the Events of the Baikonur Disaster

“…Оцінку професійного ризику небезпек пропонується проводити на основі моделі «Краватка-Метелик» [6,7], яка являє собою схематичний спосіб опису й аналізу шляхів розвитку небезпечної події від причин до наслідків поєднанням «дерева відмов» і «дерева подій». Ця модель має чи не найпоширеніше застосування через її зручність і простоту представлення причинно-наслідкового зв'язку між небезпекою, небезпечною подією та наслідками.…”

A Mathematical Model to Predict Optimal Risk Response Budget using Genetic Algorithm

“…RM consists of four major phases: risk identification, risk assessment and analysis, risk response planning, and risk monitoring and control. It is essential for recording risks and managing them for future projects [9][10][11][12][13]. The Risk Response (RR) stage is a crucial part of RM, involving developing a plan, proposing responses, and determining treatments for each risk event to minimize risk occurrence and negative impacts, maximize opportunities, and achieve project objectives [14][15].…”