Coupled hybrid nanoparticles for improved dispersion stability of nanosuspensions: a review

A Comprehensive Review of Water-Based Nanolubricants

“…Both are influenced b between NPs [206], as shown in Figure 10. Additionally, the electrostatic repulsive potential and van der Waals tential can be determined using the following equations [207]:…”

“…The electrostat influenced by three factors: size, distance, and surface potential of NPs, wh Waals force is influenced by the distance and radius of NPs. NPs aggreg distance is below a certain value due to the molecular attraction [207].…”

“…When the polymer concentration is low, the due to the attractive potential energy, whereas repulsive potential energy more free polymers developing more stable nanofluids. Additionally, the electrostatic repulsive potential and van der Waals attraction potential can be determined using the following equations [207]:…”

“…The electrostatic repulsion is influenced by three factors: size, distance, and surface potential of NPs, while the van der Waals force is influenced by the distance and radius of NPs. NPs aggregate when their distance is below a certain value due to the molecular attraction [207]. However, for NPs with platelet, rod, ellipse, or other shapes, both the depletion and steric stability theories have to be taken into account.…”

Mono Nanofluids: Review on Current Status, Challenges and Future Prospects

“…Nanoparticles are often hydrophobic and therefore cannot typically be dispersed in most heat transfer fluids such as water or ethylene glycol without surface treatments, dispersants or surfactants [68]. The sedimentation of nanoparticles over time has been a major challenge that requires urgent attention before it widespread uptake of nanofluids.…”