COVID-19 as a polymorphic inflammatory spectrum of diseases: a review with focus on the brain

Abstract

There appear to be huge variations and aberrations in the reported data in COVID-19 two years now into the pandemic. Conflicting data exist at almost every level and also in the reported epidemiological statistics across different regions. It is becoming clear that COVID-19 is a polymorphic inflammatory spectrum of diseases and there is a wide range of inflammation-related pathology and symptoms in those infected with the virus. The host’s inflammatory response to COVID-19 appears to be determined by genetics, age, immune status, health status and stage of disease. The interplay of these factors may decide the magnitude, duration, types of pathology, symptoms, and prognosis in the spectrum of COVID-19 disorders, and whether neuropsychiatric disorders continue to be significant. Early and successful management of inflammation reduces morbidity and mortality in all stages of COVID-19.

Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) to Manage Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic and the Post-COVID-19 Health Crisis

“…Indeed, the severity of COVID-19 depends on the inflammatory reactions that develop as a response to the virus. Based on what is known about the inflammatory storm in severe COVID-19 cases [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ], we can distinguish numerous molecular mediators and cellular factors, such as interleukins [ 64 ]. Other cytokines could be explored for therapeutic usage.…”

Navigating the complexity of COVID-19: a multifaceted examination

“…These studies illuminate critical dimensions, including the pivotal role of inflammation management in shaping COVID-19 outcomes, the unexpected neurological manifestations it incites, the potential risk of obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), and the pandemic's toll on the mental health of undergraduate students. Collectively, these findings offer a holistic perspective on the profound and far-reaching effects of COVID-19, providing essential guidance as we continue to navigate this global crisis.Inflammation Management in COVID-19 Our evolving understanding of COVID-19 has brought the role of inflammation into sharp focus, as underscored by the work of Tang and coworkers (Tang et al, 2023). This research emphasises the intricate interplay of various factors in COVID-19, highlighting the host's inflammatory response as a key determinant of disease severity, symptoms, and prognosis.…”

“…Inflammation Management in COVID-19 Our evolving understanding of COVID-19 has brought the role of inflammation into sharp focus, as underscored by the work of Tang and coworkers (Tang et al, 2023). This research emphasises the intricate interplay of various factors in COVID-19, highlighting the host's inflammatory response as a key determinant of disease severity, symptoms, and prognosis.…”