COVID-19 as ‘Game Changer’ for the Physical Activity and Mental Well-Being of Augmented Reality Game Players During the Pandemic: Mixed Methods Survey Study

Abstract

Background Location-based augmented reality (AR) games, such as Pokémon GO and Harry Potter: Wizards Unite, have been shown to have a beneficial impact on the physical activity, social connectedness, and mental health of their players. In March 2020, global social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic prompted the AR games developer Niantic Inc to implement several changes to ensure continued player engagement with Pokémon GO and Harry Potter: Wizards Unite. We sought to examine how the physical and mental well-being of players of these games were affected during the unprecedented COVID-19 restriction period as well as how their video game engagement was affected. Objective The aims of this study were to examine the impact of COVID-19–related social restrictions on the physical and mental well-being of AR game players; to examine the impact of COVID-19–related social restrictions on the use of video games and motivations for their use; and to explore the potential role of AR games (and video games in general) in supporting well-being during COVID-19–related social restrictions. Methods A mixed methods web-based self-reported survey was conducted in May 2020, during which COVID-19–related social restrictions were enforced in many countries. Participants were recruited on the web via four subreddits dedicated to Pokémon GO or Harry Potter: Wizards Unite. Data collected included quantitative data on demographics, time spent playing video games, physical activity, and mental health; qualitative data included motivations to play and the impact of video games on mental health during COVID-19 lockdown. Results We report results for 2004 participants (1153/1960 male, 58.8%, average age 30.5 years). Self-reported physical activity during COVID-19–related social restrictions significantly decreased from 7.50 hours per week on average (SD 11.12) to 6.50 hours (SD 7.81) (P<.001). More than half of the participants reported poor mental health (925/1766, 52.4%; raw World Health Organization–5 Well-Being Index score <13). Female gender, younger age, and reduced exercise were significant predictors of poor mental health. Participants reported a significant increase in video game play time from 16.38 hours per week on average (SD 19.12) to 20.82 hours (SD 17.49) (P<.001). Approximately three quarters of the participants (n=1102/1427, 77.2%) reported that playing video games had been beneficial to their mental health. The changes made to Pokémon GO and Harry Potter: Wizards Unite were very well received by players, and the players continued to use these games while exercising and to maintain social connection. In addition to seeking an escape during the pandemic and as a form of entertainment, participants reported that they used video games for emotional coping and to lower stress, relax, and alleviate mental health conditions. Conclusions AR games have the potential to promote physical and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Used by populations under isolation and distress, these games can improve physical and mental health by providing virtual socialization, sustained exercise, temporal routine, and mental structure. Further research is needed to explore the potential of AR games as digital behavioral interventions to maintain human well-being in the wider population.

Effectiveness of Interactive Tools in Online Health Care Communities: Social Exchange Theory Perspective

“…Most cities in Hubei Province were also quarantined, restricting people from traveling out of their own cities. People in proximity can easily transmit COVID-19; thus, social (ie, physical) distancing is an important measure to reduce its spread [ 4 ]. By February 2020, China had introduced travel bans and quarantine measures, closed public services, and canceled social events to contain COVID-19.…”

Developing a novel psychographic-behavioral qualitative mapping method for exergames

“…Initially, this started with behavioral segmentation of two explicit groups consisting of casual and hardcore players [19,24]. This casual/hardcore binary is also expanded upon in the game literature to provide a more comprehensive player behavioral range by including both mid-core players (that lie in-between the two extremes of casual and hardcore players) [12,29], and those who are yet to establish any type of player identity (no-identification) [12,27,30].…”

“…The authors also highlight that PGO can be integrated into a daily commute, and during other travels, and have the potential to provide other health-related benefits, such as social well-being [18]. More recently, Ellis et al [12] identified that HPWU and PGO exergames have the potential to promote physical and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

“…These location-based games as exergames are AR games because they augment a virtual world on top of our real-world environment to create a hybrid space, giving the illusion of playing in the context of the real world [3,5,6]. Smartphone devices make exergames easily accessible and therefore have the potential to increase physical activity across multiple populations [3,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. With the potential link to attaining multiple health-related benefits, exergames can transform gaming from a sedentary leisure pursuit to an active leisure pursuit having positive physical, social and psychological implications [7,[12][13][14].…”

“…Smartphone devices make exergames easily accessible and therefore have the potential to increase physical activity across multiple populations [3,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. With the potential link to attaining multiple health-related benefits, exergames can transform gaming from a sedentary leisure pursuit to an active leisure pursuit having positive physical, social and psychological implications [7,[12][13][14]. Harry Potter: Wizards Unite (HPWU) and Pokémon GO (PGO) are ideal exergames to compare [3,12] as these two popular games were designed by the same company called Niantic Inc [15,16], that incorporated AR by designing and packaging it alongside the same AR digital points of interest (PoIs: represent real-world objects) [3,10] for easy experiential consumption [17].…”