Covid-19 Effect to Return On Equity on European Football Club

Abstract

This study aims to determine and analyze whether or not there are differences between financial ratios before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in 22 professional football clubs in Europe for the period 2019 to 2020. The financial ratio used is return on equity. This study uses a quantitative method using a comparative approach, because the data used are in the form of numbers and analyze using statistics and this research is to compare the similarities and differences of 2 or more properties and objects studied in a certain frame of mind. The data analysis method used was the paired sample t-test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test, which had previously been tested for normality. The results of data analysis show that there is a significant difference between the financial ratios of football clubs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Vietnam trade with EU and UK after free trade agreements and three years of COVID-19

“…Currently, the global economic is still experiencing an expansive and and sharper-than-expected slowdown, with inflation higher than ever seen in recent decades, since the Global Financial Crisis at 2007-2008 [1]. Several negative factors have concurrently affected on the world trade, including the lingering COVID-19 pandemic [2], [3], the elongated Russia-Ukraine war [4] and thus tightening financial conditions in most countries and territories [5]. The global growth is forecast to slowdown from 6.0 percent in 2021 to 2.7 percent in 2023, the weakest growth rate since 2001.…”