Cowpea mild mottle virus, a sometimes problem for French bean crops

Abstract

A carlavirus, closely related to cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) and spread by silverleaf whitefly (SLW) was reported affecting fresh market beans in a major Australian growing district in 2016. Further investigations of this virus were completed through regular surveys of crops, weeds and SLW in this district from 2016–2019. Sequencing of the 3'end of the virus genome from a range of samples detected four variants, referred to as CPMMV:A:FB5288 and CPMMV:A:S1 to S3. The distribution of these four variants in survey samples showed the dominant variant in French bean crops as CPMMV:A:FB5288. The surveys also showed disease impacts were limited to autumn and varied over time. This variation is attributed to the influence of rainfall on adult insect vector levels. The experimental host range of CPMMV:A:FB5288 was shown to be limited to the Phaseoleae plant tribe and included the Australian native species, Glycine canescens. French bean varieties showed a range of susceptibilities to this dominant sequence variant from highly tolerant to very susceptible. The tolerant varieties provide the local industry with some options for disease management where previously there were none. Genetic diversity studies further highlight the need for taxonomic reform of the species referred to as CPMMV.

Australian Cool-Season Pulse Seed-Borne Virus Research: 1. Alfalfa and Cucumber Mosaic Viruses and Less Important Viruses

“…PMoV was later found infecting the pulses common, navy, adzuki and lima bean and soybean in QLD, but the only cool-season pulse infected was pea [ 18 , 194 ]. In 2016, in QLD, leaf mottle and pod deformation symptoms in plants of common bean and soybean were shown to be caused by CpMMV [ 65 , 66 ]. In other continents, CpMMV is also found naturally infecting cowpea, mung bean and pea [ 195 ].…”

“…In addition, five other seed-borne viruses of cool-season pulses have been found but currently are of minor economic importance. These are broad bean stain virus (BBSV; genus, Comovirus , family Secoviridae ), broad bean true mosaic virus (BBTMV; genus, Comovirus , family Secoviridae ), broad bean wilt virus (BBWV; genus Fabarvirus , family Secoviridae ), cowpea mild mottle virus (CMMV; genus Carlavirus , family Betaflexiviridae ) and peanut mottle virus (PMoV; genus Potyvirus , family Potyviridae ) [ 18 , 65 , 66 ]). We commence this volume by providing brief general background information about the Australian pulse industry, the seed-borne viruses so far found infecting the continent’s cool-season pulse crops, virus epidemiology, management principles and future threats to pulse virus disease management.…”

Response of morphological, anatomical, and agronomic characteristics of soybean genotypes to Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus

“…However, the virulence of the virus may decrease due to the introduction of novel variations, and virulence enables the pathogen to adapt quickly to a new host (Zanardo et al, 2021). The resistance range is also reported on other species, French beans (Gambley et al 2022).…”

“…B. tabaci is an effective plant virus vector and a polyphagous bug. Apart from Indonesia, this virus vector was also detected in India, Australia, Brazil, and China (Gambley et al 2022;Isnaini et al 2020;Wei et al 2021;Zubaidah et al 2020;de Moraes et al 2018;Bello et al 2021;Persley et al 2020). Whiteflies get food from host plants by sucking leaf fluids, directly damaging plants, and carrying viruses that cause plants to grow stunted.…”

“…CpMMV infects soybean plants and then utilizes plant cellular performance to interfere with the physiology of soybean plants, reducing their productivity (Gambley et al 2022;). In addition to disrupting soybean productivity, CpMMV also affects soybean plant morphology.…”