CpG loaded MoS₂ nanosheets as multifunctional agents for photothermal enhanced cancer immunotherapy

Abstract

Single or few-layered MoS nanosheets, as a novel class of 2D nanomaterials, have received tremendous attention due to their fantastic physical and chemical properties. Here, we fabricated MoS-PEG-CpG with a small and uniform size as a multifunctional platform for photothermal enhanced immunotherapy. MoS nanosheets were fabricated by chemical exfoliation and further probe sonication. To realize MoS-based adjuvant delivery, MoS nanosheets were functionalized with cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to form MoS-PEG-CpG nanoconjugates. As an efficient nanocarrier with excellent near infrared-light (NIR) absorbing performance, MoS-PEG-CpG significantly promotes CpG intracellular accumulation and the effect can be further enhanced by photothermal treatment. In addition, the enhanced uptake can stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and remarkably elevate the immune response level. Finally, we found that MoS-PEG-CpG could reduce the proliferative activity of cancer cells when co-cultured with a macrophage-like cell upon NIR irradiation, implying a novel strategy for multifunctional therapeutics against cancers.

Nanoparticle‐Mediated Immunogenic Cell Death Enables and Potentiates Cancer Immunotherapy

“…An umber of inorganic nano-agents (e.g.A uNPs and nanoshells, [37] CuS NPs, [38] GO, [39] MoS 2 nanosheets, [40] or carbon nanotubes [41] )w ith intrinsic capacity for NIR light absorption have been developed to deliver thermal energy and immunoadjuvants.Y ata et al modified AuNPs with CpG oligodeoxynuleotides and then mixed them with ah exapodlike structured DNAcontaining CpG sequences,obtaining an immunostimulatory Au-DNAh ydrogel. Intratumoral injection of the Au-DNAh ydrogel followed by laser irradiation increased the local temperature and HSP70 mRNAl evels in the tumor,i mproved TAA-specific IgG levels in the serum, and induced TAA-specific IFN-g production in splenocytes, significantly retarding tumor growth and extending the survival time of tumor-bearing mice.…”

Monolayer Nanosheets with an Extremely High Drug Loading toward Controlled Delivery and Cancer Theranostics

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have shown excellent performances in cancer therapy. [18][19][20][21] Moreover, 2D nanomaterials normally suffer from a low drug loading content (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE), if the fine structure and drugcarrier interaction cannot be elaborately regulated. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] However, the previously reported ultrathin 2D nanomaterials are mainly based on a "top-down" mechanical-exfoliation strategy, which show difficulties in the control over particle size, thickness, morphology, and uniformity.

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2D Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostic Applications

“…For example, Kim et al demonstrated that MoS 2 nanosheets modified with LA‐terminated polyethylenimine (LA‐PEI) and thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) (SH‐PEG) serve as an effective DNA delivery system for gene transfection therapy . Similarly, Wang and co‐workers developed an immune adjuvant by loading cytosine–phosphate–guanine (CpG) on MoS 2 nanosheets, effectively reducing the cancer cell viability by combined PTT and immunotherapy …”