CPS security testbed federation: architectural design, implementation and evaluation

PRIME: a real‐time cyber‐physical systems testbed: from wide‐area monitoring, protection, and control prototyping to operator training and beyond

“…The scaling problem is partly a complexity issue (managing a large hardware infrastructure), and partly a cost issue. There have been several efforts at interconnecting remote testbed sites to perform an integrated larger-scale experiment [40][41][42]. However, most of these efforts rely on using a single real-time power system simulator.…”

Attack-resilient state estimation and testbed-based evaluation of cyber security for wide-area protection and control

“…This work was a proof-of-concept to show the value of CPS security testbed federation. More involved experimentation on this federation architecture was performed to identify average, worst-case latencies and other constraints for federated experimentation [98]. As part of future work, additional use cases that demonstrate the value of testbed federation would be pursued.…”