Cranioplasty With Hydroxyapatite Implants: A Multidisciplinary Approach of Neurosurgeon and Plastic Surgeons to Improve Surgical Technique and Clinical Outcome

Abstract

Cranioplasty using Hydroxyapatite prosthesis is a conceptually simple procedure, but it may harbor several challenges for the surgeons. Several papers in the literature deal with cranioplasty using porous hydroxyapatite. The results are not homogeneous both because of the variability of the patients treated but also because Hydroxyapatite requires a more careful surgical technique to achieve maximum performance. The aim of the present study is to offer an insight of a single institution, multidisciplinary experience with custom-made Hydroxyapatite cranioplasty with surgical tips and tricks based on personal opinion and literature evidence. We will provide an overview of all the fundamental steps we believe to be useful to optimize surgical outcomes, including preoperative planning of cranioplasty; as cranioplasty flap/soft tissue coverage planning, infectious prophylaxis, patient positioning, incisional patterns, tissue dissection, primary bone demolition, and preparation of the craniectomy margins before implant positioning. The authors will also discuss methods for dural suspension, implant fixation and anchorage, margins polishing, drainage, suturing, and dressing. Cranioplasty using hydroxyapatite prosthesis is a valuable alternative for skull reconstruction with heterologous implants, and in our opinion a multidisciplinary approach integrating plastic surgeons and neurosurgeons' specific skills can facilitate surgical planning, reducing complications and allowing to achieve better functional and aesthetic results.