crAssphage as a human molecular marker to evaluate temporal and spatial variability in faecal contamination of urban marine bathing waters

Elucidating the role of environmental management of forests, air quality, solid waste and wastewater on the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2

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CrAssphage May Be Viable Markers of Contamination in Pristine and Contaminated River Water

“…Based on the analysis of CRISPR spacer regions, and functional characterization, it appears that crAssphage mainly infect bacteria from the phylum Bacteroidota ( 28 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 35 ). Due to this abundance, these double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses may be ideal microbial source tracking (MST) markers of human fecal contamination ( 23 , 36 – 38 ). Stachler and Bibby showed the potential utility of using crAssphage-based markers for tracking human fecal waste.…”

CrAssphage as an indicator of groundwater-borne pollution in coastal ecosystems

“…For example, the size and shape of enteric bacteria, such as E. coli, typically leads to greater attenuation in porous media due to physical straining (figure 1, inset), resulting in effective removal of fecal bacteria within an OWTS (Stevik et al 1999, O'Luanaigh et al 2012. Viruses, in particular, have different transport and attenuation characteristics than bacteria, due to their small size and greater persistence in groundwater environments (Morrison et The recent discovery of a bacteriophage, crAssphage, that is associated with bacteria inhabiting the human intestinal tract, has provided a practical virus-based fecal indicator (Ballesté et al 2019, Kongprajug et al 2019, Sala-Comorera et al 2021. First discovered in 2013, crAssphage is a novel viral marker that is host-specific and shed with human fecal material in high quantities (Dutilh et al 2014).…”

“…Gyawali et al (2021) also found that the presence of crAssphage in shellfish samples was highly predictive of norovirus contamination. Past crAssphage studies have primarily focused on pollution sources released directly to surface waters, and have largely demonstrated congruence with bacteria-based indicators (Ballesté et al 2019, Sala-Comorera et al 2021. Morrison et al (2020) were the first to assess crAssphage as a monitoring tool in subsurface environments and concluded that it is a promising tool; however, they did not directly compare crAssphage to conventional bacteria-based indicators.…”