Creatine and Creatine Kinase in Health and Disease

Salomons, Gajja S.; Wyss, Markus

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6486-9

Cited by 26 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 98 publications

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“…The creatine (Cr) was discovered by a French scientist Michael Eugen Chevereul in 1832 as a component of the skeletal muscle and named as a creatine monohydrate (CrM). Its name comes from the Greek word "kreas", meaning meat, as it is in meat products that its content is the highest (Salomons & Wyss, 2007). The EFSA, the AIS and the American College of Sports Medicine have categorized creatine as an evidence-based performance enhancing dietary supplement (AIS 2022;EFSA 2011;Thomas et al, 2016).…”

Section: Creatine Monohydrate (Crm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Popular Ergogenic Substances in Sport and Physical Activity

Świtała

2023

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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Few supplements have a scientifically proven ergogenic effects of improving exercise capacity and/or physical performance in sport. The athletes require specialised nutrition, including precisely good quality supplementation, i.e. scientifically tested. Nowadays, more and more athletes use nutritional supplementation to improve their sporting performance both at the elite and non-elite levels. In this review, ergogenic substances such as the β-alanine, caffeine, creatine monohydrate, creatine malate, sodium bicarbonate were analysed among athletes/active people from an exercise and health capacity perspective. The aim of this review is to analyse the efficacy, mechanisms of action, dosage, side effects of the selected ergogenic substances, among athletes involved in physical effort/specific sport disciplines. Furthermore, the article will show the benefits of using these supplements in terms of health as well as improvement of exercise capacity among athletes.

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Section: Creatine Monohydrate (Crm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Popular Ergogenic Substances in Sport and Physical Activity

Świtała

2023

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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Extraction of High‐added‐value Compounds from Codfish (Gadus morhua) Salting Wastewater

Ferraro

Cruz

Jorge

et al. 2013

Bioactive Compounds From Marine Foods

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Relaxation‐compensated CEST‐MRI at 7 T for mapping of creatine content and pH – preliminary application in human muscle tissue in vivo

et al. 2015

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The small biomolecule creatine is involved in energy metabolism. Mapping of the total creatine (mostly PCr and Cr) in vivo has been done with chemical shift imaging. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) allows an alternative detection of creatine via water MRI. Living tissue exhibits CEST effects from different small metabolites, including creatine, with four exchanging protons of its guanidinium group resonating about 2 ppm from the water peak and hence contributing to the amine proton CEST peak. The intermediate exchange rate (≈ 1000 Hz) of the guanidinium protons requires high RF saturation amplitude B1. However, strong B1 fields also label semi-solid magnetization transfer (MT) effects originating from immobile protons with broad linewidths (~kHz) in the tissue. Recently, it was shown that endogenous CEST contrasts are strongly affected by the MT background as well as by T1 relaxation of the water protons. We show that this influence can be corrected in the acquired CEST data by an inverse metric that yields the apparent exchange-dependent relaxation (AREX). AREX has some useful linearity features that enable preparation of both concentration, and--by using the AREX-ratio of two RF irradiation amplitudes B1--purely exchange-rate-weighted CEST contrasts. These two methods could be verified in phantom experiments with different concentration and pH values, but also varying water relaxation properties. Finally, results from a preliminary application to in vivo CEST imaging data of the human calf muscle before and after exercise are presented. The creatine concentration increases during exercise as expected and as confirmed by (31)P NMR spectroscopic imaging. However, the estimated concentrations obtained by our method were higher than the literature values: cCr,rest=24.5±3.74mM to cCr,ex=38.32±13.05mM. The CEST-based pH method shows a pH decrease during exercise, whereas a slight increase was observed by (31)P NMR spectroscopy.

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Creatine and Creatine Kinase in Health and Disease

Cited by 26 publications

References 98 publications

The Popular Ergogenic Substances in Sport and Physical Activity

The Popular Ergogenic Substances in Sport and Physical Activity

Extraction of High‐added‐value Compounds from Codfish (Gadus morhua) Salting Wastewater

Relaxation‐compensated CEST‐MRI at 7 T for mapping of creatine content and pH – preliminary application in human muscle tissue in vivo

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