Creating Competitive Advantage: Forest Policy as Industrial Policy in Chile

Clapp, Roger Alex

doi:10.2307/144312

Cited by 75 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Plantation establishment in Chile began in the mid-1940s (Clapp, 1995;Toro & Gessel, 1999). However, it was only after the neoliberal reforms undertaken after 1973 that Chilean forest policy strongly supported plantations, principally through Decree Law 701 (DL 701), which was enacted in 1974 (Niklitschek, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it was only after the neoliberal reforms undertaken after 1973 that Chilean forest policy strongly supported plantations, principally through Decree Law 701 (DL 701), which was enacted in 1974 (Niklitschek, 2007). This political context added to Chile's comparative advantages for plantation forestry (Clapp, 1995), which include a favorable growing environment, especially for Radiata pine (Pinus radiata) and Eucalypts (Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens), advantageous market access, and land with low logging costs (Sedjo, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Land-cover change to forest plantations: Proximate causes and implications for the landscape in south-central Chile

Nahuelhual

Carmona

Lara

et al. 2012

Landscape and Urban Planning

143

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a b s t r a c tTimber plantation expansion is a significant form of landscape change with reported negative environmental and social impacts. We analyze the proximate drivers of plantation expansion in southcentral Chile, one of the countries in South America with the highest rates of afforestation and reforestation in the last decades. Satellite images from 1975, 1990 and 2007 were used to estimate autologistic regressions for the periods 1975-1990 and 1990-2007. Timber plantations (mostly Pinus radiata) increased from 29,213 ha in 1975 (5.5% of the landscape) to 224,716 ha in 2007 (42.4% of the landscape). We found a clearer pattern of expansion between 1975 and 1990 as compared to 1990-2007, associated with soils of forest suitability, steep slopes, and proximity to main cities, corporate landholding, and large farms. Between 1990 and 2007 some of these drivers lost significance as plantations expanded in all directions and became the predominant land cover. Additionally, 41.5% of new plantations in the 1975-1990 period and 22.8% in the 1990-2007 period were established by clearing secondary native forests, which corroborates that plantation expansion in Chile has been a direct cause of deforestation and biodiversity loss. Understanding the proximate drivers of plantation expansion is essential in order to advance our comprehension of the underlying patterns and causes of this landscape change, which will allow us to better predict which areas are more vulnerable to change, and help to prevent adverse environmental and social impacts as plantations expand to the southern regions of the country.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land-cover change to forest plantations: Proximate causes and implications for the landscape in south-central Chile

Nahuelhual

Carmona

Lara

et al. 2012

Landscape and Urban Planning

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Based on relatively small investments in plantation silviculture, Chile has developed forward linkages in the sawmilling, furniture, and pulp and paper subsectors. Chilean governments long ago identi ed forestry as one of the country's competitive advantages, and promoted it through policies ranging from tax exemptions and plantation subsidies to the construction and privatization of pulp and sawmill complexes (Clapp 1995a).…”

Section: Plantation Wood Captures the Markets Supplied By Native Timbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree Farming and Forest Conservation in Chile: Do Replacement Forests Leave Any Originals Behind?

Clapp

2001

Society & Natural Resources

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Advocates of plantation forestry assert that tree farms "relieve the pressure" on natural forests. This article examines the assumptions implicit in the argument that expanding replacement forests will help preserve native forest ecosystems, and considers their validity in Chile, one of the nations most advanced in the transition from old-growth to plantation forestry. Exotic plantation forestry in Chile surpassed native forestry in production volumes in the 1960s, and has captured markets formerly supplied by Chile's native hardwoods. The economic pressure on the native forest, however, has been not relieved but exacerbated, because of the emergence of an international (mainly Japanese) market for low-value hardwood. In a world of plantations, native forests are valuable only during the lag between plantation establishment and maturation. Paradoxically, replacement forests may increase the vulnerability of native forests by relegating them to the role of a stopgap supply, alternating between overexploitation and abandonment.

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“…Para suprir essa demanda, Pinus radiata D. Don foi a espécie escolhida em todo o mundo, principalmente no hemisfério Sul. O interesse por essa espécie decorre das qualidades técnicas da sua madeira, muito apreciada pela indústria de celulose, devido às características anatômicas das suas fibras, que são mais compridas, em relação a outras coníferas (CLAPP, 1995). Por ser fácil de serrar e trabalhar, é também muito procurada pela indústria moveleira, possuindo uma ampla aceitação internacional nesse mercado (REMADE, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

METODOLOGIA DE AVALIAÇÃO DA AGRESSIVIDADE DE ISOLADOS DE Sphaeropsis sapinea A Pinus taeda

Corrêa¹,

Auer²,

Santos³

et al. 2011

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ResumoSphaeropsis sapinea é conhecido como importante patógeno em Pinus, causando seca de ponteiros e morte de árvores em plantios comerciais. No Brasil, o primeiro relato da ação de S. sapinea ocorreu na década de 1940, durante introdução de Pinus radiata no estado de São Paulo, dizimando totalmente os plantios. Com o objetivo de selecionar material genético resistente a essa doença no Brasil, desenvolveuse uma metodologia para avaliar a agressividade de isolados de S. sapinea em frutos de maçã e Pinus taeda. Três ambientes (estufas com diferentes regimes de irrigação), dois métodos de inoculação (com e sem injúria) e três métodos de reisolamento do fungo (meio BDA, câmara úmida em saco plástico e em gerbox úmido) foram testados. Resultados mostraram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) na agressividade dos isolados em frutos de maçã e em mudas de P. taeda. O melhor método de reisolamento foi a câmara úmida e o melhor ambiente para a incubação de mudas de P. taeda foi em estufa coberta com lona plástica, com duas aspersões diárias de 4 minutos. Outro resultado foi que injúria é necessária para inoculação de S. sapinea. Os resultados da caracterização mostraram diferenças significativas na agressividade e diversidade genética do patógeno em todos os hospedeiros testados. Palavras-chave: Fungo; inoculação; melhoramento genético; Pinus. Abstract Evaluation methodology of the aggressiveness of isolated of Sphaeropsis sapinea on Pinus taeda.Sphaeropsis sapinea is known as an important pathogen of Pinus, causing tip blight and death of trees in commercial plantings. In Brazil, the first report of this disease was done in the 1940s, during introduction of Pinus radiata in São Paulo State, when these plantations were destroyed by S sapinea. In order to select material resistant to such disease in Brazil, a methodology was developed to evaluate aggressiveness in S. sapinea isolates on apple fruits and Pinus taeda. Three environments (greenhouse with different regimes of irrigation), two inoculation methods (with and without injury) and three methods of re-isolation of fungus (PDA medium, moist chamber in plastic bags and moist gerbox) had been tested. Results pointed to significant differences (p < 0,05) on aggressiveness in apple fruit and P. taeda seedlings. The better method to re-isolate was moist chamber in plastic bags and the better environment to incubate inoculated seedlings was greenhouse with two diary aspersion of four minutes. Other result was that injury is necessary for a good inoculation of S. sapinea. The characterization results have presented significant differences in relation to aggressiveness and genetic diversity of the pathogen in all tested hosts. Keywords: Breeding; fungus; inoculation; Pinus. INTRODUÇÃOO gênero Pinus vem sendo plantado em escala comercial, no Brasil, há mais de 30 anos. Os plantios mais extensos foram estabelecidos na região Sul e Sudeste, para atender demanda de matéria-prima de qualidade nas indústrias de celulose, papel, madeira serrada, resina e MDF, e até mesmo no aproveita...

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Creating Competitive Advantage: Forest Policy as Industrial Policy in Chile

Cited by 75 publications

References 12 publications

Land-cover change to forest plantations: Proximate causes and implications for the landscape in south-central Chile

Land-cover change to forest plantations: Proximate causes and implications for the landscape in south-central Chile

Tree Farming and Forest Conservation in Chile: Do Replacement Forests Leave Any Originals Behind?

METODOLOGIA DE AVALIAÇÃO DA AGRESSIVIDADE DE ISOLADOS DE Sphaeropsis sapinea A Pinus taeda

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