Critical analysis of excessive utilization of crude protein in ruminants ration: impact on environmental ecosystem and opportunities of supplementation of limiting amino acids—a review

Abstract

Protein quality plays a key role than quantity in growth, production, and reproduction of ruminants. Application of high concentration of dietary crude protein (CP) did not balance the proportion of these limiting amino acids (AA) at duodenal digesta of high producing dairy cow. Thus, dietary supplementation of rumen-protected AA is recommended to sustain the physiological, productive, and reproductive performance of ruminants. Poor metabolism of high CP diets in rumen excretes excessive nitrogen (N) through urine and feces in the environment. This excretion is usually in the form of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrate, and ammonia. In addition to producing gases like methane, hydrogen carbon dioxide pollutes and has a potentially negative impact on air, soil, and water quality. Data specify that supplementation of top-limiting AA methionine and lysine (Met + Lys) in ruminants' ration is one of the best approaches to enhance the utilization of feed protein and alleviate negative biohazards of CP in ruminants' ration. In conclusion, many in vivo and in vitro studies were reviewed and reported that low dietary CP with supplemental rumen-protected AA (Met + Lys) showed a good ability to reduce N losses or NH. Also, it helps in declining gases emission and decreasing soil or water contamination without negative impacts on animal performance. Finally, further studies are needed on genetic and molecular basis to explain the impact of Met + Lys supplementation on co-occurrence patterns of microbiome of rumen which shine new light on bacteria, methanogen, and protozoal interaction in ruminants.

Synchrony Degree of Dietary Energy and Nitrogen Release Influences Microbial Community, Fermentation, and Protein Synthesis in a Rumen Simulation System

“…In addition, compared with feed protein, MCP is an excellent source for milk protein production in terms of amino acid contents [4]. Meanwhile, a better balance and utilization of ruminal degradable and undegradable protein can increase metabolizable protein and reduce nitrogen excretion in urine and feces [5]. Therefore, the improvement of ruminal microbial protein synthesis (MPS) not only benefits milk protein production, but also benefits nitrogen utilization efficiency, which avoids excessive emission of nitrogen to the environment [6,7].…”

Simultaneous determination of five essential amino acids in plasma of Hyperlipidemic subjects by UPLC-MS/MS

“…Theoretically, it is difficult for essential AAs to maintain dynamic balance when lipid metabolism is disordered. Although the concentration of AAs in plasma can be dynamically maintained in a balance by the release of endogenous proteins and the utilization of tissues [29,30], it is different for essential AAs because they cannot be synthesized in the body. Our results indicated that the mean blood levels of Val, Phe, Trp, His, and Met were changed in hyperlipidemic subjects.…”

Carbon Nanostructure-based Sensors: A Brief Review on Recent Advances

“…NH 3 is other gas to be monitored due to surface water pollution, soil eutrophication, and acidification [53]. Kodu et al [42] elaborated GPN functionalized with vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) using laser ablation technique for the production of a highly sensitive NH 3 sensor.…”