Critical Limits for Soybean and Black Bean Root Growth, Based on Macroporosity and Penetrability, for Soils with Distinct Texture and Management Systems

Abstract

Soil compaction is a worldwide problem in agricultural areas, and it is important to define soil properties and reference values that allow knowledge of the compaction level for decision making. The objective of this study was to define the critical values of physical properties associated with the compaction of soils. Three Ultisols and two Oxisols, under different management systems, were collected at different depths for an evaluation of particle size, volumetric moisture, bulk density, and porosity. In the field, soil resistance to penetration and the root length of the soybean and edible black bean crop were measured. The soil profiles presented horizontal layers with similar resistance, but in some cases, there is discontinuity of these layers, which allows the roots to use the zones of lower resistance to deepen in the profile. The values of bulk density and resistance to penetration critical to soybean and edible black bean (only in sandy loam soil) root growth, according to soil textural class, are: sandy loam = 1.66 Mg m−3 and 1.5 to 2 MPa; loam and clay loam = 1.52 Mg m−3 and 1 to 1.5 MPa; silty clay loam and silty clay = 1.32 Mg m−3 and 1.5 to 2 MPa; and clay = 1.33 to 1.36 Mg m−3 and 2 to 3.5 MPa.

Physical Attributes of Soil and Wheat Productivity as a Function of Covering Plants and Mechanical Chiseling

“…Similar results were observed by Suzuki et al (2022a). However, this effect is ephemeral and the soil reconsolidates naturally (REICHERT et al, 2017).…”

Biofortification of Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Crops Applying Zinc Sulfate and Ferric Sulfate: Pilot Crop in Colombia

“…There are two bean classes: the first corresponds to the climbing bean, which grows in a branched form and covers 65% of the national production, and the second involves the bush bean that does not grow more than 70 cm, and represents 35%; these figures explain consumers' preference for the large-grain bean, typical of the first classification mentioned [9,12]. Regular bean crops in Colombia correspond to "Froilán", white charger, red charger, Calima, and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), the latter being the relevant ones for this research [9,13]. Meanwhile, for 2020, the area planted with beans in Colombia was 35,200 ha, producing 68,487 tons and a yield of 1.25 tons ha-1 [13,14].…”

“…Regular bean crops in Colombia correspond to "Froilán", white charger, red charger, Calima, and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), the latter being the relevant ones for this research [9,13]. Meanwhile, for 2020, the area planted with beans in Colombia was 35,200 ha, producing 68,487 tons and a yield of 1.25 tons ha-1 [13,14].…”

“…Soil correction and fertilization must be carried out by analyzing the physicochemical properties, which must include loam content with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5 to quantify the nutrients, since the organic-matter level needs to be significant and waterretention efficient. Next the planting system and plant-density determination; the crop cycle is short, and the distance between rows is 60 cm and the plants are 7 cm apart [9,13,15].…”

“…At this moment, it is convenient to include disease and pest control, highlighting the fact that foliage pests (chrysomelids and chewing worms) and biting pests (whitefly and aphids), along with anthracnose diseases and the common mosaic virus, are the most frequent in these crops [9,15,16]. The last stage of agronomic management refers to the harvesting, where the best pods are selected in terms of size, shape, number of seeds, and health; the moisture is approximately 20% and the pods are physiologically mature [13][14][15][16].…”