The author would like to dedicate this page to acknowledge everyone who has contribution for either the technical contents or helping with some procedures such that this thesis is written as it is. First of all, I would like to give thanks to Prof. Shum Ping from Nanyang Technological University and Prof. Lu Chao from Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR t) as my PhD supervisors for the guidance and continual support during PhD term. Special thanks to Assoc/Prof Shen Zhongxiang from Nanyang Technological University that helped me with the opportunity for doing experiments in Nippon Telegraph and Telecommunications.