Crop-to-crop Gene Flow using Farm Scale Sites of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) in the UK

Weekes, Rebecca; Deppe, Carola; Allnutt, Theo R.; Boffey, C.; Morgan, Derek; Morgan, Sarah; Bilton, Mark C.; Daniels, R. E.; Henry, Christine

doi:10.1007/s11248-005-0943-2

Cited by 50 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Pollen-mediated gene flow has been quantified in detail in several crops using transgenic and marker genes including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Gustafson et al, 2005;Hucl, 1996;Hucl and Matus-Cadiz, 2001;Matus-Cadiz et al, 2007), oilseed rape (B. napus) (Beckie et al, 2003;Damgaard and Kjellsson, 2005;Rieger et al, 2002;Weekes et al, 2005) and maize (Zea mays L.) (Goggi et al, 2006(Goggi et al, , 2007Gustafson et al, 2006;Weekes et al, 2007) (reviewed in Beckie andHall, 2008). Because of differences in research design and source plot size, studies are difficult to compare directly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollen-mediated gene flow from transgenic safflower (CarthamustinctoriusL.) intended for plant molecular farming to conventional safflower

McPherson

Good

Topinka

et al. 2009

Environ. Biosafety Res.

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Field experiments were conducted in Chile and western Canada to measure short-distance (0 to 100 m) outcrossing from transgenic safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) intended for plant molecular farming to nontransgenic commodity safflower of the same variety. The transgenic safflower used as the pollen source was transformed with a construct for seed-specific expression of a high-value protein and constitutive expression of a gene conferring resistance to the broad-spectrum herbicide glufosinate. Progeny of non-transgenic plants grown in plots adjacent to the transgenic pollen source were screened for glufosinate resistance to measure outcrossing frequency. Outcrossing frequency differed among locations: values closest to the transgenic pollen source (0 to 3 m) ranged from 0.48 to 1.67% and rapidly declined to between 0.0024 to 0.03% at distances of 50 to 100 m. At each location, outcrossing frequency was spatially heterogeneous, indicating insects or wind moved pollen asymmetrically. A power analysis assuming a binomial distribution and a range of alpha values (type 1 error) was conducted to estimate an upper and lower confidence interval for the probable transgenic seed frequency in each sample. This facilitated interpretation when large numbers of seeds were screened from the outcrossing experiments and no transgenic seeds were found. This study should aid regulators and the plant molecular farming industry in developing confinement strategies to mitigate pollen mediated gene flow from transgenic to non-transgenic safflower.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollen-mediated gene flow from transgenic safflower (CarthamustinctoriusL.) intended for plant molecular farming to conventional safflower

McPherson

Good

Topinka

et al. 2009

Environ. Biosafety Res.

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“…Various sources have been identified that could contribute to on-farm adventitious mixing between GM and non-GM crops (Fig. 1a): (i) the use of impure seed (Friesen et al, 2003;Jørgensen et al, 2007); (ii) cross-fertilisation due to pollen flow between neighbouring fields (Devos et al, 2005;Weekes et al, 2005;Hüsken and Dietz-Pfeilstetter, 2007;Sanvido et al, 2008); (iii) the occurrence of volunteer plants originating from seeds and/or vegetative plant parts from previous GM crops (Devos et al, 2004;Lutman et al, 2005;Gruber et al, 2008); (iv) mixing of plant material in machinery during sowing, harvest and/or post-harvest operations (Bullock and Desquilbet, 2002;Demeke et al, 2006); and (v) -to a lesser extent -crossfertilisation from certain sexually compatible wild/weedy relatives and feral plants (Devaux et al, 2007;Jørgensen, 2007;Devos et al, 2008c;Knispel et al, 2008;Pivard et al, 2008).…”

Section: Sources Of Adventitious Mixingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops in the European Union. A review

Devos

Demont

Dillen

et al. 2009

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

166

127

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-The adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops in the European Union (EU) raises questions on the feasibility of coexistence between GM and non-GM crops. Regulations to ensure that different cropping systems can develop side-by-side without excluding any agricultural option are currently implemented or developed by member states. The aim of this review is to explore whether nationally or regionally proposed coexistence strategies comply with the general principles established by the European Commission that ask for science-based and proportionate coexistence measures. In the first part, existing legal requirements and potential sources of adventitious mixing are reviewed. It is discussed what type of coexistence measures might be necessary to keep GM inputs below the legal tolerance threshold of 0.9%. Concentrating on cross-fertilisation as the major biological source of adventitious mixing in maize, it is then assessed to which extent available scientific data on cross-fertilisation can explain the diversity of currently proposed isolation distances by several member states. In the second part, it is analysed whether currently proposed isolation distances reflect contending policy objectives towards GM crops that largely exceed the economic scope of coexistence. It is investigated how coexistence is intersecting with a wider debate about the role of GM crops in agriculture. Based on the analysis of existing cross-fertilisation data, it is concluded that some of the currently proposed isolation distances are not in line with the coexistence principles laid down by the European Commission: they are (i) excessive from a scientific point of view; (ii) difficult to implement in practice; (iii) rarely proportional to the regional heterogeneity in the agricultural landscape; and (iv) not proportional to the farmers' basic economic incentives for coexistence. Hence, the range of proposed isolation distances cannot simply be explained by different interpretations of available scientific data, possible error intervals and remaining uncertainties inherent in the scientific process. It is argued that other than scientific issues must be at play. One might thus claim that coexistence has become an arena of contending values and visions on the future of agriculture and on the role GM crops might play therein.adventitious mixing / Bt-maize / coexistence / cross-fertilisation / flexible measures / genetically modified (GM) crops / isolation distances / liability / fixed measures / sustainable development

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“…Data obtained in small-scale experiments (Scheffler et al 1993(Scheffler et al , 1995Paul et al 1995;Timmons et al 1995Timmons et al , 1996Lavigne et al 1998;Bilsborrow et al 1998;Simpson et al 1999Simpson et al , 2006Walklate et al 2004;Funk et al 2006) were combined with those collected at the landscape level (Thompson et al 1999;Rieger et al 2002;Beckie et al 2003;Ramsay et al 2003;Damgaard and Kjellsson 2005;Devaux et al 2005Devaux et al , 2007Devaux et al , 2008Weekes et al 2005;Klein et al 2006;Shaw et al 2006). The former provide valuable information on the decay of cross-fertilisation levels close to the source, whilst the latter are more suitable to observe longdistance dispersal events.…”

Section: Implementation Of Gene Flow Index Using Oilseed Rape In Belgiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the introgressive hybridisation propensity between transgenic oilseed rape and its wild/weedy relatives

Devos

Schrijver

Reheul

2008

Environ Monit Assess

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In order to estimate the introgressive hybridisation propensity (IHP) between genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and certain of its cross-compatible wild/weedy relatives at the landscape level, a conceptual approach was developed. A gene flow index was established enclosing the successive steps to successfully achieve introgressive hybridisation: wild/weedy relatives and oilseed rape should co-occur, have overlapping flowering periods, be compatible, produce viable and fertile progeny, and the transgenes should persist in natural/weedy populations. Each step was described and scored, resulting in an IHP value for each cross-compatible oilseed rape wild/weedy relative. The gene flow index revealed that Brassica rapa has the highest introgressive hybridisation propensity (IHP value = 11.5), followed by Hirschfeldia incana and Raphanus raphanistrum (IHP = 6.7), Brassica juncea (IHP = 5.1), Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Sinapis arvensis (IHP = 4.5) in Flanders. Based on the IHP values, monitoring priorities can be defined within the pool of cross-compatible wild/weedy oilseed rape relatives. Moreover, the developed approach enables to select areas where case-specific monitoring of GM oilseed rape could be done in order to detect potential adverse effects on cross-compatible wild/weedy relatives resulting from vertical gene flow. The implementation of the proposed oilseed rape-wild relative gene flow index revealed that the survey design of existing botanical survey networks does not suit general surveillance needs of GM crops in Belgium. The encountered hurdles to implement the gene flow index and proposals to acquire the missing data are discussed.

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Crop-to-crop Gene Flow using Farm Scale Sites of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) in the UK

Cited by 50 publications

References 25 publications

Pollen-mediated gene flow from transgenic safflower (CarthamustinctoriusL.) intended for plant molecular farming to conventional safflower

Pollen-mediated gene flow from transgenic safflower (CarthamustinctoriusL.) intended for plant molecular farming to conventional safflower

Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops in the European Union. A review

Quantifying the introgressive hybridisation propensity between transgenic oilseed rape and its wild/weedy relatives

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