Cross-layer radio resource allocation: The journey so far and the road ahead

Abstract

Abstract-The cross-layer concept originated almost ten years ago with the aim of taking the most advantage from the difficult wireless media to break the barriers imposed by the layered transmission. One of the domains where cross-layer design has been more investigated is Radio Resource Allocation, since current and future networks need to provide wireless connectivity to heterogeneous users, offering many different data traffic types. Nonetheless, new paradigms are emerging in the field of wireless communications, like cognitive radios, wireless systems with relays and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems, where the potential advantages of cross-layer scheduling are still largely unknown. Moreover, in spite of a large literature on cross-layer, in the most cases different focuses and perspectives, biased by the application(s), are addressed, thus, there is lack of a general framework. The main goal of this paper is not to provide a state of the art on cross-layer scheduling and resource allocation, since this would result maybe in a heterogeneous list of scientific contributions. Rather, we are interested in performing a cataloguing of the work so far, trying to identify common tools and general frameworks used for cross-layer resource allocation, justify them by means of specific network examples and highlight open issues and challenges to be faced. Nevertheless, a preliminary objective of this work is to introduce a set of definitions which can be hopefully agreed by the scientific community.

Multicast Scheduling and Resource Allocation Algorithms for OFDMA-Based Systems: A Survey

“…In general, the cross-layer resource allocation and optimization problems [62] to meet the QoS requirements for all services requested by multicast users, maximize system throughput, maintain user fairness, minimize user and base station transmit power while considering channel characteristics of each user in multi-antenna OFDMA system is extremely challenging and sophisticated techniques with low complexities are still required. …”

Power allocation, bit loading and sub-carrier bandwidth sizing for OFDM-based cognitive radio

“…Besides the tasks of spectrum sensing, spectrum allocation, spectrum sharing and spectrum mobility, one of the key functions of CR nodes in spectrum-aware xG networks is spectrum utilization. The spectrum utilization function entails efficient Radio Resource Management (RRM), the aim of which is to evaluate the available resources (power, time slots, bandwidth, etc) and assign them to meet the QoS objectives of the SU, within some constraints on factors (typically interference) which limit the performance of the PU [3]. Furthermore, for optimum spectrum utilization it is necessary to be adaptive to, one or more, time-varying characteristics of the system, such as the wireless channel state, number of users, QoS requirements, etc.…”