Cross-Regulatory Interactions Among Pair-Rule Genes in
            <i>Drosophila</i>

Harding, Katherine; Rushlow, Christine; Doyle, Helen; Hoey, Timothy; Levine, Michael

doi:10.1126/science.3755551

Cited by 185 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…2c,d). Because these sites are found on all lines whether they stain germ band or not, we think this may represent regions of, or adjacent to, presumptive proctodeum staining described by others (Frasch et al, 1987) or the presumptive Malpighian tubule region described by Harding et al (1986). After 10 h, the vertical stripes disappear and what appears to be dense staining of the salivary glands is prominent (Fig.…”

Section: Fig 1 Map and Construction Of The Pptgal Vector Amentioning

confidence: 59%

“…These differences could be imposed by peculiarities of the Gal4 system (see below). Alternatively, the stripe 3 enhancer may contribute to the early broad band of eve expression which appears in a band from 69 -19% of the embryo length (from posterior) from nuclear cleavage stage 10 -13 as described by Harding et al (1986) and MacDonald et al (1986) using cDNA probes. Changes in staining pattern were next found among the 8 -10-h embryos (Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

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PPTGAL, a convenient Gal4 P‐element vector for testing expression of enhancer fragments in drosophila

Sharma

Cheung

Larsen

et al. 2002

Genesis

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Section: Fig 1 Map and Construction Of The Pptgal Vector Amentioning

confidence: 59%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

PPTGAL, a convenient Gal4 P‐element vector for testing expression of enhancer fragments in drosophila

Sharma

Cheung

Larsen

et al. 2002

Genesis

117

109

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“…It is unlikely that the pair-rule genes directly regulate the late programme of en expression, since products encoded by these genes are no longer detectable at this stage [13][14][15][16]24,25,31 . Analysing the en expression pattern in particular segment polarity mutants provides evidence that these genes are involved in regulating the second programme.…”

Section: Regulation Of Late Programmementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first regulatory programme involves the independent control of even-and odd-numbered en stripes by pair-rule gene action 11,12,15 , and may involve direct transcriptional regulation by some of the pair-rule products.…”

Section: Cell Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two-tiered regulation of spatially patterned engrailed gene expression during Drosophila embryogenesis

DiNardo

Sher

Heemskerk-Jongens

et al. 1988

Nature

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A regulatory cascade, initiated during the syncytial stage of embryogenesis, culminates in the striped pattern of engrailed gene expression at the cellular blastoderm stage. The early regulatory genes, for example the pair-rule genes, are expressed transiently and as their products decay a distinct regulatory programme involving segment polarity genes takes over. This late programme maintains and perhaps modifies the striped pattern of engrailed expression through interactions that may involve cell communication.An early step in the generation of the Drosophila body pattern is the determination of the segmental subdivisions of the embryo. This occurs quite rapidly. By the cellular blastoderm stage (2-2.5 h after fertilization) the segmental outlines of the embryo, although not morphologically visible, are represented by the precise expression patterns of the segmentation (or segment polarity) genes, such as engrailed 1,2 and wingless 3 . The subsequent activity of genes such as these directs the morphological events leading to segmentation 4,5 .The segmentation genes are expressed in their localized patterns as a consequence of an early regulatory cascade. Three gene classes (maternal genes 6 , and the zygotically acting gap and pair-rule genes 4 ) act in sequence, each establishing the more refined spatial expression pattern of the next 7-9 . This takes place in a syncytial cytoplasm and is thought to rely on the diffusion and interaction of regulatory products encoded by these genes. The subdivision of the embryonic field by this cascade is rapid, occurring during the first thirteen nuclear divisions. After the thirteenth division, the nuclei are cellularized and the cellular blastoderm is formed.One outcome of this regulatory hierarchy is the establishment of engrailed (en) expression at the cellular blastoderm stage in 14 single-cell-wide stripes transecting the antero-posterior axis of the embryo 1,2,10,22 . Previous work has shown that the activity of separate sets of pair-rule genes controls establishment of en expression in even-and in odd-numbered stripes 11,12 . The data presented here suggests further that the separate control of even-and odd-numbered stripes is reflected in the organization of the cis-regulatory sequences at en.During the post-cellular blastoderm phase of development the expression pattern of en is maintained and modified 1,10 . It is unlikely that the pair-rule genes are involved in the postblastoderm regulation of en, since the pair-rule genes characterized to date are only expressed transiently in their pair-rule blastoderm patterns [13][14][15][16]31 . Here we address the mechanism by which the en gene is regulated in later embryonic development.

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