Crossing the Interspecies Barrier: Opening the Door to Zoonotic Pathogens

Gortázar, Christian; Reperant, Leslie A.; Kuiken, Thijs; Fuente, José de la; Boadella, Mariana; Martínez‐López, Beatriz; Ruiz‐Fons, Francisco; Estrada-Peña, Agustı́n; Drosten, Christian; Medley, Graham F.; Ostfeld, Richard S.; Peterson, Townsend; VerCauteren, Kurt C.; Menge, Christian; Artois, Marc; Schultsz, Constance; Delahay, Richard Dez; Serra‐Cobo, Jordi; Poulin, Robert; Keck, Frédéric; Aguirre, A. Alonso; Henttonen, Heikki; Dobson, Andrew; Kutz, Susan; Liu, Juan; Mysterud, Atle

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004129

Cited by 150 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

105

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…These findings strongly suggest and confirm the corresponding phylogenetic results that the primary host of strains positive for CLC/t529/CC705 is cattle. If infections occur in humans, they need to be considered as a spillover event defined as a transient infection from one host species to another that dies out without establishing transmission within the new host (Wolfe et al, 2007;Lloyd-Smith et al, 2009;Gortazar et al, 2014). The statement that CLC/t529/CC705 is primarily cattle-adapted is further supported by the fact that for the CC705 clade, the switch from human to cattle happened about 1,500 years ago (Guinane et al, 2010a), a long time for spreading and accumulating in the human population, which obviously did not occur.…”

Section: Zoonotic Transfer Of Staph Aureus Between Cattle and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Subtyping, evolution, and zoonotic transfer

Boss

Cosandey

Luini

et al. 2016

Journal of Dairy Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Staphylococcus aureus is globally one of the most important pathogens causing contagious mastitis in cattle. Previous studies using ribosomal spacer (RS)-PCR, however, demonstrated in Swiss cows that Staph. aureus isolated from bovine intramammary infections are genetically heterogeneous, with Staph. aureus genotype B (GTB) and GTC being the most prominent genotypes. Furthermore, Staph. aureus GTB was found to be contagious, whereas Staph. aureus GTC and all the remaining genotypes were involved in individual cow disease. In addition to RS-PCR, other methods for subtyping Staph. aureus are known, including spa typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). They are based on sequencing the spa and various housekeeping genes, respectively. The aim of the present study was to compare the 3 analytic methods using 456 strains of Staph. aureus isolated from milk of bovine intramammary infections and bulk tanks obtained from 12 European countries. Furthermore, the phylogeny of animal Staph. aureus was inferred and the zoonotic transfer of Staph. aureus between cattle and humans was studied. The analyzed strains could be grouped into 6 genotypic clusters, with CLB, CLC, and CLR being the most prominent ones. Comparing the 3 subtyping methods, RS-PCR showed the highest resolution, followed by spa typing and MLST. We found associations among the methods but in many cases they were unsatisfactory except for CLB and CLC. Cluster CLB was positive for clonal complex (CC)8 in 99% of the cases and typically positive for t2953; it is the cattle-adapted form of CC8. Cluster CLC was always positive for t529 and typically positive for CC705. For CLR and the remaining subtypes, links among the 3 methods were generally poor. Bovine Staph. aureus is highly clonal and a few clones predominate. Animal Staph. aureus always evolve from human strains, such that every human strain may be the ancestor of a novel animal-adapted strain. The zoonotic transfer of IMI-and milk-associated strains of Staph. aureus between cattle and humans seems to be very limited and different hosts are not considered as a source for mutual, spontaneous infections. Spillover events, however, may happen.

show abstract

Section: Zoonotic Transfer Of Staph Aureus Between Cattle and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Subtyping, evolution, and zoonotic transfer

Boss

Cosandey

Luini

et al. 2016

Journal of Dairy Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Blood samples were collected before the first and second immunizations, at challenge, and weekly thereafter. Two months after the initial immunization, animals were challenged by the intranasal inoculation of 2 ϫ 10 5 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID 50 ) of 5804PeH, which expresses the enhanced green fluorescent protein from an addition gene inserted between the viral H Efficacy of Bivalent RABV-CDV Vaccines Journal of Virology and L genes (57). Body temperature and clinical signs were recorded daily, and blood samples were collected twice weekly for the first 2 weeks and weekly thereafter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to many other vector platforms, the immune response against the RABV vector constitutes an added value, as it confers protection from rabies (49). Wild carnivores are considered an important RABV reservoir, which, often via infection of domestic dogs, is the root cause of human rabies in developing countries (50,51). Conversely, CDV outbreaks in wildlife species are thought to originate from contact with infected domestic animals at the interface between inhabited and uninhabited regions (2,52).…”

Section: Efficacy Of Bivalent Rabv-cdv Vaccines Journal Of Virologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivated Recombinant Rabies Viruses Displaying Canine Distemper Virus Glycoproteins Induce Protective Immunity against Both Pathogens

Budaszewski

Hudacek

Sawatsky

et al. 2017

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The development of multivalent vaccines is an attractive methodology for the simultaneous prevention of several infectious diseases in vulnerable populations. Both canine distemper virus (CDV) and rabies virus (RABV) cause lethal disease in wild and domestic carnivores. While RABV vaccines are inactivated, the liveattenuated CDV vaccines retain residual virulence for highly susceptible wildlife species. In this study, we developed recombinant bivalent vaccine candidates based on recombinant vaccine strain rabies virus particles, which concurrently display the protective CDV and RABV glycoprotein antigens. The recombinant viruses replicated to near-wild-type titers, and the heterologous glycoproteins were efficiently expressed and incorporated in the viral particles. Immunization of ferrets with beta-propiolactone-inactivated recombinant virus particles elicited protective RABV antibody titers, and animals immunized with a combination of CDV attachment protein-and fusion protein-expressing recombinant viruses were protected from lethal CDV challenge. However, animals that were immunized with only a RABV expressing the attachment protein of CDV vaccine strain Onderstepoort succumbed to infection with a more recent wild-type strain, indicating that immune responses to the more conserved fusion protein contribute to protection against heterologous CDV strains.IMPORTANCE Rabies virus and canine distemper virus (CDV) cause high mortality rates and death in many carnivores. While rabies vaccines are inactivated and thus have an excellent safety profile and high stability, live-attenuated CDV vaccines can retain residual virulence in highly susceptible species. Here we generated recombinant inactivated rabies viruses that carry one of the CDV glycoproteins on their surface. Ferrets immunized twice with a mix of recombinant rabies viruses carrying the CDV fusion and attachment glycoproteins were protected from lethal CDV challenge, whereas all animals that received recombinant rabies viruses carrying only the CDV attachment protein according to the same immunization scheme died. Irrespective of the CDV antigens used, all animals developed protective titers against rabies virus, illustrating that a bivalent rabies virus-based vaccine against CDV induces protective immune responses against both pathogens.

show abstract

“…Zoonotic pathogens may cross one or more of these sets of barriers, more or less efficiently. Only pathogens that cross the three barriers have the potential to sustainably establish in the human population (Gortazar et al, 2014). Identifying the factors that allow ebola virus to cross each of these three sets of barriers is essential to mitigate burdens of EVD.…”

Section: Ebola Viruses Possess Accessory Proteins That Inhibit the Homentioning

confidence: 99%

THE STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THREATS (SWOTs) ANALYSES OF THE EBOLA VIRUS

Babalola

2016

AJID

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Owing to the extreme virulence and case fatality rate of ebola virus disease (EVD), there had been so much furore, panic and public health emergency about the possible pandemic from the recent West African outbreak of the disease, with attendant handful research, both in the past and most recently. The magnitude of the epidemic of ebola virus disease has prompted global interest and urgency in the discovery of measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. Researchers in the academia and the industry were pressured to only focus on the development of effective and safe ebola virus vaccines, without consideration of the other aspects to this virus, which may influence the success or otherwise of a potential vaccine. The objective of this review was to adopt the SWOT concept to elucidate the biological Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats to Ebola virus as a pathogen, with a view to understanding and devising holistic strategies at combating and overcoming the scourge of EVD. Method: This systematic review and narrative synthesis utilized Medline, PubMed, Google and other databases to select about 150 publications on ebola and ebola virus disease using text word searches to generate the specific terms. Relevant publications were reviewed and compared, findings were synthesized using a narrative method and summarized qualitatively. Results: Some of the identified strengths of ebola virus include: Ebola virus is an RNA virus with inherent capability to mutate, reassort and recombine to generate mutant or reassortant virulent strains; Ebola virus has a broad cellular tropism; Natural Reservoir of ebola virus is unconfirmed but fruit bats, arthropods, and plants are hypothesized; Ebola virus primarily targets and selectively destroys the immune system; Ebola viruses possess accessory proteins that inhibits the host' immune responses; Secreted glycoprotein (sGP), a truncated soluble protein that triggers immune activation and increased vascular permeability is uniquely associated with Ebola virus only; Ability to effectively cross the species barrier and establish productive infection in humans, non human primates, and other mammals; Ebola virus attacks every part of the human body; The Weaknesses include: Ebola virus transmission and persistence is severely limited by its virulence; Ebola virus essentially requires host encoded protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) for host's cell' entry; Ebola virus essentially requires host encoded proteins (TIM-1) for cell' entry; Relative abundance of Ebolavirus Nucleoprotein than the other virion components; The Opportunities harnessed by ebola virus include: Lack of infection control practices in African health-care facilities and paucity of health infrastructures, especially in the endemic zones; Permissiveness of circulating Monocytes, Macrophages and dendritic cells in virus mobilization and dissemination; Collection, consumption and trade of wild games (bushmeats); Pertubation and drastic changes in forest ecosystems present opportunities for Ebola...

show abstract

Crossing the Interspecies Barrier: Opening the Door to Zoonotic Pathogens

Cited by 150 publications

References 18 publications

Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Subtyping, evolution, and zoonotic transfer

Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Subtyping, evolution, and zoonotic transfer

Inactivated Recombinant Rabies Viruses Displaying Canine Distemper Virus Glycoproteins Induce Protective Immunity against Both Pathogens

THE STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THREATS (SWOTs) ANALYSES OF THE EBOLA VIRUS

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About