Crosstalk between H2A variant-specific modifications impacts vital cell functions

Abstract

Histone variants are distinguished by specific substitutions and motifs that might be subject to post-translational modifications (PTMs). Compared with the high conservation of H3 variants, the N- and C-terminal tails of H2A variants are more divergent and are potential substrates for a more complex array of PTMs, which have remained largely unexplored. We used mass spectrometry to inventory the PTMs of the two heterochromatin-enriched variants H2A.W.6 and H2A.W.7 of Arabidopsis, which harbor the C-terminal motif KSPK. This motif is also found in macroH2A variants in animals and confers specific properties to the nucleosome. We showed that H2A.W.6 is phosphorylated by the cell cycle-dependent kinase CDKA specifically at KSPK. In contrast, this modification is absent on H2A.W.7, which also harbors the SQ motif associated with the variant H2A.X. Phosphorylation of the SQ motif is critical for the DNA damage response but is suppressed in H2A.W.7 by phosphorylation of KSPK. To identify factors involved in this suppression mechanism, we performed a synthetic screen in fission yeast expressing a mimic of the Arabidopsis H2A.W.7. Among those factors was the BRCT-domain protein Mdb1. We showed that phosphorylation of KSPK prevents binding of the BRCT-domain protein Mdb1 to phosphorylated SQ and as a result hampers response to DNA damage. Hence, cross-talks between motif-specific PTMs interfere with the vital functions of H2A variants. Such interference could be responsible for the mutual exclusion of specific motifs between distinct H2A variants. We conclude that sequence innovations in H2A variants have potentiated the acquisition of many specific PTMs with still unknown functions. These add a layer of complexity to the nucleosome properties and their impact in chromatin regulation.

The histone variant H2A.W and linker histone H1 co-regulate heterochromatin accessibility and DNA methylation

“…Although heterochromatin was long believed to be highly compact and inaccessible to transcriptional machinery, there is increasing evidence that low levels of accessibility within heterochromatin are required for proper heterochromatin formation by permitting access to various factors, including DNA and histone methyltransferases, that help maintain a heterochromatic state 42,43 . H2A.W is subject to specific modifications 44 , and its dynamic deposition likely participates in the regulation of chromatin accessibility through its interaction with H1 and other yet unknown factors.…”

The histone variant H2A.W and linker histone H1 co-regulate heterochromatin accessibility and DNA methylation

“…Although heterochromatin was long believed to be highly compact and inaccessible to transcriptional machinery, there is increasing evidence that low levels of accessibility within heterochromatin are required for proper heterochromatin formation by permitting access to various factors, including DNA and histone methyltransferases, that help maintain a heterochromatic state 44,45 . H2A.W is subject to specific modifications 46 , and its dynamic deposition likely participates in the regulation of chromatin accessibility through its interaction with H1 and other yet unknown factors.…”