Crowd Evacuation During Slashing Terrorist Attack: A Multi-Agent Simulation Approach

Zhang, Fa; Shihui, Wu; Song, Zhihua

doi:10.1109/wsc48552.2020.9383901

Cited by 5 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…On such bases, a simulation model relying on agent-based modelling and cellular automata [38,39,44,56] is developed and then applied to combinations of the aforementioned input factors. The users' initial distribution depends on the square's morphology and the outdoor users' thermal behaviours.…”

Section: Work Aims Research Questions and Contribution Outlinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The users' initial distribution depends on the square's morphology and the outdoor users' thermal behaviours. Then, the simulation of the emergency evacuation in case of a terrorist act is offered according to previous quick but reliable approaches and experimental-based data [23,[36][37][38]57,58].…”

Section: Work Aims Research Questions and Contribution Outlinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different simulation models have been derived, mainly by pursuing a microscopic approach to represent the interactions between the specific elements and users in the scenario [81]. These models are generally based on cellular automata [38,44], which divides the scenario into cells, and the social force model [36,47,82,83], which is essentially connected to a continuous representation of the environment. Moreover, agent-based modelling has been implemented to provide different types of users and related specific actions to be performed [36,37,[82][83][84][85].…”

Section: Evacuation Behaviours and Simulation Models In The Terrorist...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, for the shorter distance strategy, the prey are the nearest pedestrians to the attacker. Considering that each weapon used by the terrorists has an attack range [36][37][38], they can become a casualty in case they are placed at a distance shorter than the attack weapon. Furthermore, models also included the probability of being found or suffering from the attack [57].…”

Section: Evacuation Behaviours and Simulation Models In The Terrorist...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hazards that can strike the built environment and the needs and behaviours of users and stakeholders during an emergency. Considering terrorist acts, the related issues should be based on the possible types of attacks that can occur in a given scenario and on the emergency scenario in terms of the behaviours adopted by the attackers and the users [23,[33][34][35][36][37][38]. As a consequence, it allows the inclusion of response issues and moving towards the analysis of coping capacity, resistance and resilience.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

How Could Increasing Temperature Scenarios Alter the Risk of Terrorist Acts in Different Historical Squares? A Simulation-Based Approach in Typological Italian Squares

2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Squares in the urban historical built environment are public open spaces prone to the risk of terrorist acts, essentially because they are ideal soft targets and attract significant user densities. Risk assessment methods should consider how users behave in them, both before and during an accident (i.e., the evacuation process). In addition to squares’ morphology and layout, and considering that urban areas are more and more prone to the effects of increasing temperatures, outdoor climate conditions can alter the initial scenario. In fact, such conditions can lead users to gather in specific outdoor areas, where they can look for shadows and shelter. This work hence proposes a simulation-based approach to assess how differences in users’ behaviours in response to increasing temperatures and squares’ morphology can alter the risk of terrorist acts in an emergency evacuation. An agent-based model is developed to simulate the interactions between users, hazards and the historical built environment. The work considers four typological squares prone to terrorist acts since they host a special building attracting users in front of it. These squares are derived from the analysis of Italian historical contexts within the BE S2ECURe project. Users are generated in the public open space (thus, before the terrorist act) depending on the intended uses of the square and on the outdoor temperature, which is affected by the square’s morphology. Three different users’ behaviours are modelled to consider (or not) the effects of the outdoor temperature on users’ thermal acceptability levels in an increasing temperature situation. Then, two evacuation scenarios are simulated: (a) a general evacuation process, without attackers, as the baseline for the risk assessment; and (b) an armed assault with cold weapons, to define one of the most probable attack situations in open spaces. Evacuation performance indicators are developed to assess users’ risk. Preliminary verifications demonstrate the capabilities of the approach. The results show that higher differences in evacuation indicators are noticed in large and asymmetric squares, since their conditions highly affect the variability of users’ behaviours in response to increasing temperatures. At the same time, stronger safety behaviours in response to increasing temperatures could reduce emergency issues because they allow users to be more dispersed and initially placed farther from the attack area. Decision-makers could take advantage of the proposed approach and simulation tool, moving towards an effectiveness analysis of solutions to increase the thermal comfort of users in respect of the risk levels during an evacuation. Finally, applications to real-world scenarios are thus encouraged to compare such idealized results with effective conditions.

show abstract

Section: Work Aims Research Questions and Contribution Outlinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Work Aims Research Questions and Contribution Outlinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evacuation Behaviours and Simulation Models In The Terrorist...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evacuation Behaviours and Simulation Models In The Terrorist...mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

How Could Increasing Temperature Scenarios Alter the Risk of Terrorist Acts in Different Historical Squares? A Simulation-Based Approach in Typological Italian Squares

2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

User Behaviour in Terrorist Acts to Model the Evacuation in Outdoor Open Areas

Bernardini,

Cantatore,

Fatiguso

et al. 2024

SpringerBriefs in Architectural Design and Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The resilience of the urban built environment to terrorist acts depends on the interactions among the physical scenario, the attackers, the hosted users, and the mitigation solutions (both structural and non-structural), when implemented. Outdoor Open Areas mainly show a high level of complexity in these terms, and thus, expert risk assessment methods to be applied in such contexts should be also supported by simulation-based approaches, which can be able to manage and describe these interactions in a holistic manner. The behavioural design approach can be used to evaluate the impact of different input conditions on final risk levels depending on the users’ response to the terrorist act. In fact, this approach relies on the experimental-based modelling of user behaviours and individual vulnerability, and on the related simulation in emergency and evacuation scenarios. This Chapter hence traces bases for user behaviour modelling in terrorist acts.

show abstract

A modified social force model for sudden attack evacuation based on Yerkes–Dodson law and the tendency toward low risk areas

Liu,

Zhang,

Ding

et al. 2024

Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Crowd Evacuation During Slashing Terrorist Attack: A Multi-Agent Simulation Approach

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

How Could Increasing Temperature Scenarios Alter the Risk of Terrorist Acts in Different Historical Squares? A Simulation-Based Approach in Typological Italian Squares

How Could Increasing Temperature Scenarios Alter the Risk of Terrorist Acts in Different Historical Squares? A Simulation-Based Approach in Typological Italian Squares

User Behaviour in Terrorist Acts to Model the Evacuation in Outdoor Open Areas

A modified social force model for sudden attack evacuation based on Yerkes–Dodson law and the tendency toward low risk areas

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About