Crowd stampede management at sporting events: a systematic literature review

Abstract

Background: This article investigates crowd stampedes at sporting events as a critical emergency management concern in the 21st century. The objective is to identify strategies for improving crowd safety and reducing mass casualties worldwide. This study provides a comprehensive worldwide perspective on the issue of crowd stampedes at sporting events. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to gather relevant studies. Results: The study’s findings support the need for a whole society-based approach involving international organizations, regional governments, sports participants, and spectators. Conclusions: The key includes transforming position-based approaches to foster social value, sharing lessons learned, sport clusters, advanced technologies, functional exercise, and full-scale exercise.