Crustacean shell bio-refining to chitin by natural deep eutectic solvents

Bradić, Bojana; Novak, Uroš; Likozar, Blaž

doi:10.1515/gps-2020-0002

Cited by 97 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In this regard, Bradić et al [57] developed a zero-waste method to convert shrimp shell waste into chitin. In this case, shrimp shells are solubilized in NADESs rather than in DESs.…”

Section: Green Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Routes for the Development of Chitin/Chitosan Sustainable Hydrogels

Maddaloni

Vassalini

Alessandri

2020

Sustainable Chemistry

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The eco-sustainable use of materials derived from agricultural and food processing waste will represent one of the most stimulating challenges shortly. Chitin and chitosan are two remarkable examples of how molecules with high added value can be extracted from food waste, such as crustaceans’ shells, fungi, mollusks, etc. This Perspective summarizes the current state of knowledge about chitin extraction, chitosan production, and hydrogel formation, highlighting the environmental critical steps in the common route (use of strong acids and basis, toxic solvents, and not eco-friendly crosslinkers). At the same time, promising green alternatives are described and analyzed. Examples are the employment of NADESs or DESs (such as choline chloride: urea or choline chloride: organic acids mixtures) for chitin extraction and dissolution, use of citric acid both in chitin extraction and hydrogel formation or utilization of natural extracts, like genipin, as green cross-linkers under mild conditions (heating at 37 °C for 12 h). In particular, this perspective aims to provide a stimulating basis for the development of processes based on the recycling and reusing of chemicals, during the different preparation steps, in line with “system chemistry” and “circular economy” principles.

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“…In this regard, Bradić et al [57] developed a zero-waste method to convert shrimp shell waste into chitin. In this case, shrimp shells are solubilized in NADESs rather than in DESs.…”

Section: Green Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Routes for the Development of Chitin/Chitosan Sustainable Hydrogels

Maddaloni

Vassalini

Alessandri

2020

Sustainable Chemistry

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“…More recently, Bradić et al [ 281 ] developed a complete chitin extraction system using DESs based on [Ch]Cl as the HBA and lactic acid, malonic acid, urea or citric acid as the HBDs. [Ch]Cl:LA (1:1) allowed the best chitin extraction yield (85%) and chitin purity grade (98%), removing minerals and proteins in a one-step process.…”

Section: Chitinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two recycles of the solvent were performed and almost no loss in the chitin isolation yield was observed (only 2% loss). However, the solution became more viscous as contaminants such as minerals were accumulated [ 281 ].…”

Section: Chitinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polysaccharides Dissolution and Extraction Processes towards Sustainable Biomass Valorization

et al. 2020

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A shift to a bioeconomy development model has been evolving, conducting the scientific community to investigate new ways of producing chemicals, materials and fuels from renewable resources, i.e., biomass. Specifically, technologies that provide high performance and maximal use of biomass feedstocks into commodities with reduced environmental impact have been highly pursued. A key example comprises the extraction and/or dissolution of polysaccharides, one of the most abundant fractions of biomass, which still need to be improved regarding these processes’ efficiency and selectivity parameters. In this context, the use of alternative solvents and the application of less energy-intensive processes in the extraction of polysaccharides might play an important role to reach higher efficiency and sustainability in biomass valorization. This review debates the latest achievements in sustainable processes for the extraction of polysaccharides from a myriad of biomass resources, including lignocellulosic materials and food residues. Particularly, the ability of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to dissolve and extract the most abundant polysaccharides from natural sources, namely cellulose, chitin, starch, hemicelluloses and pectins, is scrutinized and the efficiencies between solvents are compared. The interaction mechanisms between solvent and polysaccharide are described, paving the way for the design of selective extraction processes. A detailed discussion of the work developed for each polysaccharide as well as the innovation degree and the development stage of dissolution and extraction technologies is presented. Their advantages and disadvantages are also identified, and possible synergies by integrating microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction (MAE and UAE) or a combination of both (UMAE) are briefly described. Overall, this review provides key information towards the design of more efficient, selective and sustainable extraction and dissolution processes of polysaccharides from biomass.

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“…The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has been reported for the chitin extraction, dissolution, processing, and formation of films and nanofibers due to their interesting properties. DESs are a mixture of a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) species that present a eutectic point temperature below that of an ideal liquid mixture .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

α‐Chitin dissolution, N‐deacetylation and valorization in deep eutectic solvents

et al. 2020

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Chitin displays a highly rigid structure due to the vast intra-and intermolecular hydrogen bonding, thus hindering its dissolution and deacetylation using most solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are special and environmentally friendly solvents composed of a hydrogen bond acceptor and a hydrogen bond donor. This allows them to dissolve chitin by disturbing its natural hydrogen bonding while establishing new bonds, hence turning the polymer more susceptible to solvents. Therefore, four distinct DESs (choline chloride-lactic acid ([Ch]Cl:LA), choline chloride: oxalic acid ([Ch]Cl:OA), choline chloride:urea ([Ch]Cl:U) and betaine-glycerol (Bet:G))were applied in chitin dissolution, being the most performant ones further applied in its homogenous N-deacetylation with NaOH. In this work, a milder and more biocompatible approach was carried out by using 30 wt% NaOH at 80 C, instead of the typical ≥40 wt% NaOH at temperatures ≥100 C. Herein, the reaction process took up to 18 hours, being the results analyzed through ATR-FTIR. Chitin was converted into chitosan with a 70-80% degree of deacetylation (DDA) in a short period while using homogenous conditions. These promising results provide the first proof of concept of the ability of Bet:G and [Ch]Cl:LA-based DESs to be used as a greener approach for the chitin homogeneous N-deacetylation. K E Y W O R D S chitin valorization, chitosan biopolymer, deep eutectic solvent, homogeneous chitin N-deacetylation, sustainable process

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Crustacean shell bio-refining to chitin by natural deep eutectic solvents

Cited by 97 publications

References 31 publications

Green Routes for the Development of Chitin/Chitosan Sustainable Hydrogels

Green Routes for the Development of Chitin/Chitosan Sustainable Hydrogels

Use of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polysaccharides Dissolution and Extraction Processes towards Sustainable Biomass Valorization

α‐Chitin dissolution, N‐deacetylation and valorization in deep eutectic solvents

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