Cryo-electron microscopy as a functional instrument for systems biology, structural analysis and experimental manipulations with living cells. A comprehensive analytical review of the current works

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to give an introductory review of the cryoelectron microscopy as a complex data source for the most of the system biology branches, including the most perspective non-local approaches known as "localomics" and "dynamomics". A brief summary of various cryoelectron microscopy methods and corresponding system biological approaches is given in the text. The above classification can be considered as a useful framework for the primary comprehensions about cryoelectron microscopy aims and instrumental tools. We do not discuss any of these concepts in details, but merely point out that their methodological complexity follows only from the structure-functional complexity of biological systems which are investigated in this manner. We also postulate that one can employ some of the cryoelectron microscopic techniques not only for observation, but also for modification and structural refunctionalization of some biological and similar soft matter objects and microscopic samples. In other worlds, we start with the cryoelectron microscopy as a tool for the system biology and progress to its applying as an instrument for system biology and functional biomimetics; i.e. "system cryobiology" goes over into "synthetic cryobiology" or "cryogenic biomimetics". All these conclusions can be deduced from the most recent works of the latest years, including just submitted foreign papers. This article provides an up-to-date description of the conceptual basis for the novel view on the computational cryoelectron microscopy (in silico) approaches and the data mining principles which lie at the very foundation of modern structural analysis and reconstruction. Index Termscryo-electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography, system biology, localomics, dynamomics, micromachining, structural analysis, in silico, molecular machines Manuscript for the journal "Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine".

Methods of electron microscopy of biological and abiogenic structures in artificial gas atmospheres

“…In addition, in the absence of the possibilities for microscopy in various gas atmospheres, there was also no possibility for the intravital dynamic study of the structure of cells and tissues depending on the change in the composition of the experimental "atmosphere" (which provided the basis for such a currently promis ing field as gas biology [12,13]) despite the fact that methods for dynamic and, in particular, intravital structural study have been known in electron micros copy since the mid 1960s (so called stroboscopic electron microscopy [14][15][16][17], which is currently suc cessfully replaced by the methods of four dimensional electron microscopic analysis [18][19][20], although many such methods of microscopy, in particular, dynamic cryoelectron microscopy and microprocess ing, which is a novel approach in structural, systemic, and synthetic biology [21], retain the elements of a classic stroboscopic technique [22]).…”

Towards Multi-Angle Multispectral Optical 3D Porometry and Lens-Less Porometry of Civil Engineering Composites and Geocomposites Including Biodegradable Ones

“…One of the most progressive approaches in geopolymer pore measurements is complex electron microscopic morphometric analysis, including electron tomography techniques. It can be used also for biodegradable composites and polymer-containing systems [74,75] (including LDPE-based) and LDPE-asphalt systems [76], including such systems in model climatic vapor-phase conditions in ESEM/ASEM [77], as well as glaciological / geocryological freezing testing of porous LDPE [78]. Also in some interesting modifications, such as CLEM (correlating light and electron microscopy), it is possible to compare results of optical and electron microscopy of filled LDPE-based structures, including multiangle visualization or holographic / tomographic registration [79][80][81][82][83], including spectrozonal and multispectral lens-less one.…”