Cryptic Diversity in the Monotypic Neotropical Micromoth Genus Angelabella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in the Peru-Chile Desert

Abstract

Angelabella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Oecophyllembiinae) is considered a monotypic Neotropical genus of leaf miner micromoths known only from a few valleys of the arid environments of the Peru-Chile desert, particularly the southernmost part of Peru and northernmost part of Chile (type locality), where natural populations of its primary host plant occur. The geographic distribution of potential host plants provides a scenario for a wider range for this micromoth genus. The aims of this study were to explore the geographic range of Angelabella, determine the spatial distribution of mitochondrial lineages, and test lineage conspecificity hypotheses. The spatial distribution of genetic diversity indicated the presence of four spatial clusters, three of which are north of the previously known geographic range. Genetic distances were 0.2–0.8% and 3.6–8.3% (K2P) between haplotypes of the same and different spatial clusters, respectively. Phylogenetic relationships indicated reciprocal monophyly among the four spatial clusters, suggesting that allopatric differentiation processes have governed the recent history of Angelabella in these arid environments. These groups were defined as different species by four species delimitation methods, suggesting that Angelabella is not a monotypic genus, but harbors at least four morphologically cryptic allopatric species with restricted geographic ranges, including the type species and three candidate species.

Perfil microbiológico y sensibilidad antimicrobiana de las infecciones urinarias en el hospital nacional Hipólito Unanue 2019

“…E. coli es el principal agente causal con más del 90% de este tipo de infecciones, seguida por otros géneros bacterianos, como son la Klebsiella, Proteus y Staphylococcus. Es muy probable que el número de casos de infecciones de las vías urinarias en nuestro país sea mucho mayor que lo reportado, por lo que se considera un problema frecuente de salud pública 25 .…”

“…La serotipificación es importante porque contribuye a distinguir el número pequeño de serogrupos que causan enfermedad. Los serogrupos de E. coli comúnmente asociados con ITU son: O1, O2, O4, O6, O7, O8, O16, O18, O22, O25 y O75, los cuales son responsables de más del 75% de estas infecciones, además de en E. coli se han identificado cuatro grupos filogenéticos (A, B1, B2 y D); mientras que las cepas comensales derivan en su mayoría del A y B1 y poseen muy pocos factores de virulencia, las cepas uro patógenos derivan principalmente del B2 y tienen bastantes genes de virulencia 22,25 .…”