Cryptic speciation and limited hybridization within Lumbricus earthworms (Clitellata: Lumbricidae)

Martinsson, Svante; Erséus, Christer

doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.011

Cited by 45 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…However, genetic diversity is lower in North America than in Europe, which is typical for invasive species (Sakai et al, ; Allendorf & Lundquist, ; King, Tibble, & Symondson, ; Gailing et al, ; Donnelly et al, ; Donnelly, Harper, Morgan, Pinto‐Juma, & Bruford, ; Giska et al, ). Consistent with studies in Europe, genetic diversity in L. rubellus was higher than in L. terrestris (King et al, 2008; Martinsson & Erséus, ), and intraspecific genetic distances of COI were comparable with those reported from Europe (King et al, 2008; James et al, ; Klarica, Kloss‐Brandstätter, Traugott, & Juen, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Consistent with studies in Europe, genetic diversity in L. rubellus was higher than in L. terrestris (King et al, 2008;Martinsson & Erséus, 2017), and intraspecific genetic distances of COI were comparable with those reported from Europe (King et al, 2008;James et al, 2010;Klarica, Kloss-Brandstätter, Traugott, & Juen, 2011).…”

Section: Genetic Diversitysupporting

confidence: 88%

“…We compared COI lineages with the H3 dataset to check if mitochondrial and nuclear markers corresponded. The North American haplotypes of the COI clades 1, 2 and 4 carried the same H3 lineage that is also common in Europe (Martinsson & Erséus, ). Three individuals from Michigan (clade 4) carried a different H3 lineage, which is undescribed in Europe.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three individuals from Michigan (clade 4) carried a different H3 lineage, which is undescribed in Europe. Clade 3 comprised several H3 haplotypes, one known from Europe (Martinsson & Erséus, ) and one also present as widespread H3 lineage in the common COI clade 4.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Invasive lumbricid earthworms in North America—Different life histories but common dispersal?

Klein

Eisenhauer

Schaefer

2019

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim Lumbricid earthworms are invasive across northern North America, causing notable changes in forest ecosystems. During their range expansion, they encountered harsher climatic conditions compared to their native ranges in short time (~400 years). This study investigated if (a) dispersal barriers, (b) climatic selection or (c) anthropogenic activities, that is fishing bait disposal, structure the dispersal of free‐living earthworm populations. Location North America, forest habitats along former Wisconsinan glaciation line. Taxon Lumbricus terrestris, L. rubellus. Methods Lumbricus terrestris and L. rubellus co‐occur in the same habitats but differ in ecology and use as fishing bait. Both species were sampled in five transects ranging from the east to the west coast of northern North America, including major dispersal barriers, three different climate zones, and bait shops near sampling locations. Genetic diversity and structure were compared between the two species, and the presence of free‐living bait shop genotypes was assessed using four markers (COI, 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, and H3). Results Populations of both species were genetically diverse with some geographic structure, which was more pronounced in L. terrestris than in L. rubellus. Common haplotypes were present in all regions, but locally restricted haplotypes also occurred. Furthermore, two distinct genetic clades of L. terrestris co‐occurred only in the two most distant transects (Alberta and Minnesota). Genotypes identical to bait individuals were omnipresent in field populations of L. terrestris. Main Conclusions Genetic diversity was high in both species, and invasive populations represented a genetic subset of European earthworms. Geographic and climatic dispersal barriers affected the less mobile species, L. terrestris, resulting in differences in genetic structure between the two species. Our results indicate common long‐distance dispersal vectors and vectors affecting only L. terrestris. The roles of climate and anthropogenic activities are discussed, providing additional explanations of dispersal and new insights into establishment of invasive earthworm populations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Genetic Diversitysupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Invasive lumbricid earthworms in North America—Different life histories but common dispersal?

Klein

Eisenhauer

Schaefer

2019

Journal of Biogeography

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“…Thus, it cannot be automatically assumed that COI lineages, which are that far apart, represent different species, without testing this with nuclear data. This again illustrates how problematic it is to delimit species with a DNA-barcoding gap as the sole criterion, in Clitellata (e.g., Achurra and Erséus 2013;Martinsson et al 2013Martinsson et al , 2015Martinsson and Erséus 2017) as well as in other animal groups (e.g., Munoz et al 2011;Webb et al 2012;Hogner et al 2012) …”

Section: Discussion Species Delimitationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Extensive cryptic diversity in the cosmopolitan sludge worm Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Clitellata, Naididae)

Liu

Fend²,

Martinsson

et al. 2017

Org Divers Evol

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Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparède, 1862 is a common freshwater worm, often regarded as an indicator of organic pollution. The taxonomic status of this species is controversial due to great variation in morphological features. Numerous morphological forms of L. hoffmeisteri are recorded in the literature, especially from Europe and North America. Today, DNA-based species delimitation assumes that species boundaries can be more objectively and effectively estimated using genetic data rather than with morphological data alone. To investigate if L. hoffmeisteri is a single species, 295 worms identified as either L. hoffmeisteri or other similar (congeneric) morphospecies, using currently accepted morphological criteria, were collected from 82 locations in the northern hemisphere. The number of primary species hypotheses (PSHs) was first explored with cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), the proposed DNA barcode for animal species, and with data for all specimens. Both automatic barcoding gap discovery (ABGD) and the Bayesian general mixed Yule coalescent (bGMYC) model revealed the existence of ≥25 distinct PSHs (COI lineages) in our dataset. Then, smaller samples of individuals representing major COI lineages were used for exploration of a nuclear locus, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. In the ITS gene tree (81 sequences), generated by BEAST, 16 well-supported terminal groups were found, but not all of these groups were congruent with the PSHs found in the COI tree. As results across these different analyses were inconsistent, we resorted to analyzing reciprocal monophyly between gene trees and used a minimum consensus of all evidence, suggesting that there are 13 separately evolving lineages (=13 species) within our sample. The smallest uncorrected COI p-distance between these species is 12.1%, and the largest intraspecific p-distance is 16.4%, illustrating the problem of species delimitation with a DNAbarcoding gap as the sole criterion. Ten of these species are morphologically identified as BL. hoffmeisteri,^the remaining three can be attributed to morphologically distinct congeneric species. An individual from the type locality in Switzerland was designated as a neotype of L. hoffmeisteri sensu stricto. This worm belongs to one of the ten species, and this lineage is widely distributed in Europe, Asia, and North America. The remaining nine species show a mixed distribution pattern; some appear to be endemic to a restricted area, others are Holarctic. Our results provide clues to the future revalidation of some of the nominal species today placed in synonymy with L. hoffmeisteri. A BEAST analysis, based on previously published and newly generated 16S data, suggested that this complex contains also other species than those studied by us. By integrating additional genetic data, it will be possible to identify these and additional specimens in future studies of Limnodrilus, and the neotype provides a baseline for further revisions of the taxonomy of the L. hoffmeisteri complex.

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Cryptic Species in Ecotoxicology

Jourdan,

Bundschuh,

Copilaș‐Ciocianu

et al. 2023

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The advent of genetic methods has led to the discovery of an increasing number of species that previously could not be distinguished from each other on the basis of morphological characteristics. Even though there has been an exponential growth of publications on cryptic species, such species are rarely considered in ecotoxicology. Thus, the particular question of ecological differentiation and the sensitivity of closely related cryptic species is rarely addressed. Tackling this question, however, is of key importance for evolutionary ecology, conservation biology, and, in particular, regulatory ecotoxicology. At the same time, the use of species with (known or unknown) cryptic diversity might be a reason for the lack of reproducibility of ecotoxicological experiments and implies a false extrapolation of the findings. Our critical review includes a database and literature search through which we investigated how many of the species most frequently used in ecotoxicological assessments show evidence of cryptic diversity. We found a high proportion of reports indicating overlooked species diversity, especially in invertebrates. In terrestrial and aquatic realms, at least 67% and 54% of commonly used species, respectively, were identified as cryptic species complexes. The issue is less prominent in vertebrates, in which we found evidence for cryptic species complexes in 27% of aquatic and 6.7% of terrestrial vertebrates. We further exemplified why different evolutionary histories may significantly determine cryptic species' ecology and sensitivity to pollutants. This in turn may have a major impact on the results of ecotoxicological tests and, consequently, the outcome of environmental risk assessments. Finally, we provide a brief guideline on how to deal practically with cryptic diversity in ecotoxicological studies in general and its implementation in risk assessment procedures in particular. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;00:1–26. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

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Cryptic speciation and limited hybridization within Lumbricus earthworms (Clitellata: Lumbricidae)

Cited by 45 publications

References 62 publications

Invasive lumbricid earthworms in North America—Different life histories but common dispersal?

Invasive lumbricid earthworms in North America—Different life histories but common dispersal?

Extensive cryptic diversity in the cosmopolitan sludge worm Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Clitellata, Naididae)

Cryptic Species in Ecotoxicology

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