Cryptococcal Pneumonia in an Immunocompetent Patient: A Rare Occurrence

Abstract

Cryptococcosis is an invasive yeast infection commonly found among immunosuppressed patients. Pulmonary cryptococcal infection can have variable presentations ranging from pulmonary nodules and masses to consolidation. A patient can present with shortness of breath, cough, sputum production, chest pain, fatigue, and weight loss. Diagnosis can be made using fungal culture, histology, radiographic findings, and cryptococcal antigen in serum as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment is usually with a combination or a single antifungal agent. Few cases have been reported in immunocompetent individuals.Here we present a case of 69-year-old immunocompetent individual, who was initially seen in the outpatient clinic for dyspnea, cough, and fatigue and was treated for pneumonia. The patient remained symptomatic despite multiple courses of oral antibiotics. He was then sent for inpatient admission. CT scan was obtained that showed patchy infiltrates and consolidations, followed by bronchoscopy. The cytology confirmed adenocarcinoma. The fungal smear and culture grew Cryptococcus neoformans. The patient was treated with fluconazole with improvement of his symptoms before starting chemotherapy.We are reporting this case as clinicians usually focus on bacterial etiologies in outpatient setting. Our patient, who was immunocompetent, had a new diagnosis of cryptococcal pneumonia and was also found to have lung adenocarcinoma. This case highlights the rare occurrence of this type of pneumonia in immunocompetent patients and the importance of considering fungal causes of pneumonia in patients.

Cryptococcosis with pulmonary cavitation in an immunocompetent child: a case report and literature review

“…In this study, the patient presented with respiratory symptoms such as cough and chest pain. In addition, if not detected and treated promptly, cryptococcosis can result in life-threatening disseminated infection and respiratory failure [3]. According to statistics, annually there are 220,000 cases of cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals, leading to nearly 180,000 deaths [23].…”

“…Cryptococcus can also be found in fruits and vegetables, as well as on pets, cockroaches, and other animals [ 2 ]. There have been very few reports of Cryptococcus pneumonia in immunocompetent humans recently [ 3 ]. Data on its occurrence in children are even more limited, particularly in developing countries [ 4 ].…”