Cryptococcus Neoformans Var Gattii in Europe

Kohl, Karl-Heinz; H, Hof; Schrettenbrunner, A.; Seeliger, H. P. R.; Kwon-Chung, K. J.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92300-1

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Massachusetts is not known as a region endemic to C. gattii but the lumberyard could have been handling trees imported from regions where C. gattii is endemic. This case is reminiscent of the first autochthonous case of C. gattii infection in Germany in an apparently immunocompetent healthy male who had been working in sawmills and woodworking factories and exposed to high levels of wood dust, including that of imported tropical trees [60]. This case report had appeared at least five years prior to the first discovery of Eucalyptus trees as the environmental source of C. gattii in Australia [61].…”

Section: Gm-csf Neutralizing Antibody and Susceptibility To Cryptomentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Cryptococcus gattii a Primary Pathogen?

Kwon‐Chung

Saijo

2015

JoF

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The two etiologic agents of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii, have been commonly designated as either an opportunistic pathogen for the first species or as a primary pathogen for the second species. Such a distinction has been based on epidemiological findings that the majority of patients presenting meningoencephalitis caused by C. neoformans are immunocompromised while C. gattii infection has been reported more often in immunocompetent patients. A recent report, however, showed that GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) neutralizing antibodies were prevalent in the plasma of “apparently immunocompetent” C. gattii patients with meningoencephalitis. Because GM-CSF is essential for differentiation of monocytes to macrophages and modulating the immune response, it is not surprising that the lack of GM-CSF function predisposes otherwise healthy individuals to infection via inhalation of environmental pathogens such as C. gattii. Since the test for anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies is not included in routine immunological profiling at most hospitals, healthy patients with GM-CSF neutralizing antibodies are usually categorized as immunocompetent. It is likely that a comprehensive immunological evaluation of patients with C. gattii meningoencephalitis, who had been diagnosed as immunocompetent, would reveal a majority of them had hidden immune dysfunction. This paper reviews the relationship between GM-CSF neutralizing antibodies and the risk for C. gattii infection with CNS involvement.

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Section: Gm-csf Neutralizing Antibody and Susceptibility To Cryptomentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Cryptococcus gattii a Primary Pathogen?

Kwon‐Chung

Saijo

2015

JoF

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“…Until the 1980s, cryptococcosis was rarely observed in Europe and C. gattii infections were especially rare; only 2 cases have retrospectively been found ( 20 , 22 ). In the 1980s, infections were reported for 2 immunocompetent citizens of Germany, who had never traveled abroad ( 23 , 24 ). Subsequent case reports described C. gattii infections that were imported or acquired in Europe ( 25 , 26 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autochthonous and DormantCryptococcus gattiiInfections in Europe

Hagen¹,

Colom²,

Swinne³

et al. 2012

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

136

140

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“…In 1999, a C. gattii outbreak emerged on Vancouver Island, Canada [3]. Although rare autochthonous infections due to C. gattii in Europe have been reported [2,[10][11][12], most infections in European residents were acquired outside Europe. The sequence of both the ITS regions and the IGS1 region of the cryptococcal isolate obtained from our patient was found to be identical with those of the genotype VGII isolates which caused the Vancouver Island outbreak [8,9,13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptococcus gattii Meningoencephalitis in an Immunocompetent Person 13 Months after Exposure

et al. 2009

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A 53-year old immunocompetent Swiss female is described who developed severe meningoencephalitis due to infection with Cryptococcus gattii 13 months following exposure on Vancouver Island, Canada. Diagnosis was based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, i.e., positive India-ink staining, positive latex particle agglutination, and positive culture. Species identification was performed by growth on L-canavanine-glycine-bromthymol blue medium and by sequencing of the intergenic and internal transcribed spacer regions of the rRNA genes. After initial therapy with fluconazole by which the patient did not improve, therapy was changed to amphotericin B and flucytosine and later to high-dose fluconazole and amphotericin B. Despite long-term treatment and external drainage of the CSF, the patient's condition improved only slowly. The patient was discharged after 132 days of hospitalization.

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Cryptococcus Neoformans Var Gattii in Europe

Cited by 20 publications

References 4 publications

Is Cryptococcus gattii a Primary Pathogen?

Is Cryptococcus gattii a Primary Pathogen?

Autochthonous and DormantCryptococcus gattiiInfections in Europe

Cryptococcus gattii Meningoencephalitis in an Immunocompetent Person 13 Months after Exposure

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