“…In contrast, for 2,2′-bipyridinium (BiPyH + ), its cis conformer is the low-energy one in the gas phase [ 3 ], solution [ 9 ], and the solid state [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. This conformer is planar in the gas phase [ 3 ] and, as an exception, in the solid state in the case of non-coordinating anions [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The N…N distance in these structures varies from 2.611 Å [ 10 ] to 2.727 Å [ 23 ].…”