Cu/Cr co-stabilization mechanisms in a simulated Al2O3-Fe2O3-Cr2O3-CuO waste system

Mapping Recyclability of Industrial Waste for Anthropogenic Circularity: A Circular Economy Approach

“…As part of the hazardous waste control, most of them are stockpiled, including some industrial residues such as tailings, slag, sludge, and fly ash . These residues are also identified as stocks of valuable metals with extraction potentials. , However, the lack of comprehensive identification on industrial waste for recycling has hindered its sound management.…”

“…Mining dumps (comprising unconsolidated waste rock, parent material, tailings, or mixtures) are globally generated at approximately 20–25 billion t per year and deposited into pond piles on-land or underwater. − The pyro-metallurgical slag is considered hazardous waste with a low economic value and intricate use. − Copper slag, for example, is a byproduct produced through matte smelting and copper processing. Producing 1 ton of copper generally generates around 2.2–3.0 t of copper slag. , Since the use and recovery of the metal are mainly relied on its physical–chemical form, the slag of 0.8% copper is either tossed out for waste purposes or sold as products with similar characteristics to natural basalt (crystalline) or obsidian (amorphous).…”