Cues from chewing insects — the intersection of DAMPs, HAMPs, MAMPs and effectors

Acevedo, Flor E.; Rivera-Vega, Loren J.; Chung, Seung Ho; Ray, Swayamjit; Felton, Gary W.

doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.029

Cited by 204 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…During an insect's development, the need for Malpighian tubules might also increase. Insects cope with this need by enlarging the already existing Malpighian tubules through cell growth or by producing new tubules at each instar [Beyenbach et al 2010].…”

Section: Overview Of Malpighian Tubulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Know your insect: Malpighian tubules in Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Rivera-Vega¹,

Mikó²

2017

RIO

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Malpighian tubules are mainly known to be involved in excretion. However, recent studies have begun to look into other potential roles including detoxification, immunity, host establishment, etc. In this case study, we observed the Malpighian tubules of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) using confocal laser scanning microscopy. We also discuss other functions that Malpighian tubules are known for (i.e. silk-like and gall-inducing secretions) as well as the similarities between Malpighian tubules and salivary glands in endoparasitic Hymenoptera. Keywordscabbage looper, caterpillars, urinary bladder, uric acid Case Study BackgroundThe following work is the result of the "Know Your Insect" graduate course in the Department of Entomology at the Pennsylvania State University, taught during the fall semester of 2016. Briefly, the course provides the opportunity for a small group of students to discuss the morphology of the insects of interest. Regardless of which area of ‡ ‡ © Rivera-Vega L, Mikó I. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Section: Overview Of Malpighian Tubulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because it is one of the first secretions to come in contact with the feeding wound, plants could potentially be recognizing specific molecules in the saliva [Felton and Tumlinson 2008]. On the other hand, insects could also be using saliva to deposit molecules that suppress these plant defenses [Acevedo et al 2015].…”

Section: Relevance To Ongoing Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Know your insect: Malpighian tubules in Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Rivera-Vega¹,

Mikó²

2017

RIO

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“…Reminiscent of phytopathogens (9,31,32), herbivores evolved additional salivary molecules to counter the induction of defenses (8,33,34). Such molecules, enhancing herbivore performance, were originally referred to as "effectors."…”

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confidence: 99%

The Salivary Protein Repertoire of the Polyphagous Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae: A Quest for Effectors

Jonckheere

Dermauw

Zhurov

et al. 2016

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

102

127

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The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is an extremely polyphagous crop pest. Alongside an unparalleled detoxification potential for plant secondary metabolites, it has recently been shown that spider mites can attenuate or even suppress plant defenses. Salivary constituents, notably effectors, have been proposed to play an important role in manipulating plant defenses and might determine the outcome of plant-mite interactions.Here, the proteomic composition of saliva from T. urticae lines adapted to various host plants-bean, maize, soy, and tomato-was analyzed using a custom-developed feeding assay coupled with nano-LC tandem mass spectrometry. About 90 putative T. urticae salivary proteins were identified. Many are of unknown function, and in numerous cases belonging to multimembered gene families. RNAseq expression analysis revealed that many genes coding for these salivary proteins were highly expressed in the proterosoma, the mite body region that includes the salivary glands. A subset of genes encoding putative salivary proteins was selected for whole-mount in situ hybridization, and were found to be expressed in the anterior and dorsal podocephalic glands. Strikingly, host plant dependent expression was evident for putative salivary proteins, and was further studied in detail by micro-array based genome-wide expression profiling. This meta-analysis revealed for the first time the salivary protein repertoire of a phytophagous chelicerate. The availability of this salivary proteome will assist in unraveling the molecular interface between phytophagous mites and their host plants, and may ultimately facilitate the development of mite-resistant crops. Furthermore, the technique used in this study is a time-and resourceefficient method to examine the salivary protein composition of other small arthropods for which saliva or salivary glands cannot be isolated easily. The family of spider mites (Chelicerata: Acari: Tetranychidae) comprises well over 1000 species, including several that are important pests on crops, and about 0.9 billion euro is being spent annually for their control worldwide (1, 2). These minute herbivores-about 0.5 mm in size-use their stylets to pierce leaf mesophyll cells and to inject saliva, after which they suck out the cytoplasm. This results in cell death visible as chlorotic spots sometimes accompanied by necrosis, and ultimately in leaf abscission (3,4). Among the spider mites, the From the ‡Laboratory

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“…Herbivory not only mechanically damages the host tissue but also includes secretions such as insect saliva, regurgitant, or frass (Felton and Tumlinson, 2008;Ray et al, 2015). The molecules deposited from these secretions that trigger herbivore defenses have been referred to as elicitors or herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) that are analogous to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (Bent and Mackey, 2007;Felton and Tumlinson, 2008;Acevedo et al, 2015;Schmelz, 2015). Plants may also recognize fragments of self molecules that have been referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (Karban and Shiojiri, 2009;Acevedo et al, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The molecules deposited from these secretions that trigger herbivore defenses have been referred to as elicitors or herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) that are analogous to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (Bent and Mackey, 2007;Felton and Tumlinson, 2008;Acevedo et al, 2015;Schmelz, 2015). Plants may also recognize fragments of self molecules that have been referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (Karban and Shiojiri, 2009;Acevedo et al, 2015). Several studies have identified some of these HAMPs and damage-associated molecular patterns from insect regurgitant and saliva Schmelz, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Turnabout Is Fair Play: Herbivory-Induced Plant Chitinases Excreted in Fall Armyworm Frass Suppress Herbivore Defenses in Maize

et al. 2016

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The perception of herbivory by plants is known to be triggered by the deposition of insect-derived factors such as saliva and oral secretions, oviposition materials, and even feces. Such insect-derived materials harbor chemical cues that may elicit herbivore and/or pathogen-induced defenses in plants. Several insect-derived molecules that trigger herbivore-induced defenses in plants are known; however, insect-derived molecules suppressing them are largely unknown. In this study, we identified two plant chitinases from fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) larval frass that suppress herbivore defenses while simultaneously inducing pathogen defenses in maize (Zea mays). Fall armyworm larvae feed in enclosed whorls of maize plants, where frass accumulates over extended periods of time in close proximity to damaged leaf tissue. Our study shows that maize chitinases, Pr4 and Endochitinase A, are induced during herbivory and subsequently deposited on the host with the feces. These plant chitinases mediate the suppression of herbivore-induced defenses, thereby increasing the performance of the insect on the host. Pr4 and Endochitinase A also trigger the antagonistic pathogen defense pathway in maize and suppress fungal pathogen growth on maize leaves. Frass-induced suppression of herbivore defenses by deposition of the plant-derived chitinases Pr4 and Endochitinase A is a unique way an insect can co-opt the plant's defense proteins for its own benefit. It is also a phenomenon unlike the induction of herbivore defenses by insect oral secretions in most host-herbivore systems.

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Cues from chewing insects — the intersection of DAMPs, HAMPs, MAMPs and effectors

Cited by 204 publications

References 84 publications

Know your insect: Malpighian tubules in Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Know your insect: Malpighian tubules in Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The Salivary Protein Repertoire of the Polyphagous Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae: A Quest for Effectors

Turnabout Is Fair Play: Herbivory-Induced Plant Chitinases Excreted in Fall Armyworm Frass Suppress Herbivore Defenses in Maize

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