Cumulative lead exposure is associated with reduced olfactory recognition performance in elderly men: The Normative Aging Study

Grashow, Rachel; Sparrow, David; Hu, Howard; Weisskopf, Marc G.

doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.06.006

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…This is corroborated by the analysis in the Normative Aging Study, wherein cumulative lead exposure was found to be a significant risk factor for smell disturbance in a population of elderly men. 39 Similarly, a study of Italian workers with lead exposure confirmed impaired odor detection thresholds compared with control participants. 40 The mechanism for lead's influence on olfaction is not well understood, but, based on animal models, is thought to be related to neurotransmission in olfactory related areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population‐based analysis

Noel

Habib

Thamboo

et al. 2017

World j. otorhinolaryngol.-head neck surg.

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ObjectiveOlfactory dysfunction is known to have significant social, psychological, and safety implications. Despite increasingly recognized prevalence, potential risk factors for olfactory loss have been arbitrarily documented and knowledge is limited in scale. The aim of this study is to identify potential demographic and exposure variables correlating with olfactory dysfunction.MethodsCross-sectional analysis of the 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 editions of the National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey was performed. The utilized survey reports from a nationally representative sample of about 5000 persons each year located in counties across the United States. There is an interview and physical examination component which includes demographic, socioeconomic, dietary, and health-related questions as well as medical, dental, physiologic measurements, and laboratory tests. 3594 adult respondents from 2011 to 2012 and 3708 respondents from 2013 to 2014 were identified from the above population-based database. The frequency of self-reported disorders as well as performance on odor identification testing was determined in relation to demographic factors, occupational or environmental exposures, and urinary levels of environmental and industrial compounds.ResultsIn both subjective and objective analysis, smell disorders were significantly more common with increasing age. While the non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic Asian populations were less likely to report subjective olfactory loss, they, along with Hispanics, performed more poorly on odor identification than Caucasians. Those with limited education had a decreased prevalence of hyposmia. Women outperformed men on smell testing. Those reporting exposure to vapors were more likely to experience olfactory dysfunction, and urinary levels of manganese, 2-Thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, and 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid were lower among respondents with subjective smell disturbance. In odor detection, elevated serum levels of lead and urinary levels of 2,4 dichlorophenol were associated with anosmia and hyposmia, respectively.ConclusionsThis study provides current, population-based data identifying demographic and exposure elements related to smell disturbances in U.S. adults. Age, race, gender, education, exposure to vapors, urinary levels of manganese, 2-Thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, 2,4 dichlorophenol, and serum lead levels were all implicated in smell disturbance. Care should be taken in interpretation due to lack of consistency between subjective and objective measures of olfaction as well as limitations related to population-based data. Prospective trials are indicated to further elucidate these relationships.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population‐based analysis

Noel

Habib

Thamboo

et al. 2017

World j. otorhinolaryngol.-head neck surg.

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“…Two studies used this method, both finding an approximate doubling of risk in the highest versus lowest quartile . In addition, higher bone lead was associated with reduced olfactory discrimination in men without PD . Early‐life lead exposure may be a particularly important determinant of later life function, possibly acting through epigenetic mechanisms .…”

Section: The Past 10 Yearsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environment, lifestyle, and Parkinson's disease: Implications for prevention in the next decade

2019

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There is evidence from observational studies for a role of a number of environmental exposures and lifestyle habits in modulating the risk for Parkinson's disease. Environmental and lifestyle associations, if causal, represent opportunities for Parkinson's disease prevention or disease modification at individual and population levels. In the past decade, additional evidence has been published that improves causal inference and/or enhances our understanding of the complexity of these associations. A number of gene–environment interactions have been elucidated, and our understanding of the roles of physical activity, pesticide and other chemical exposures, dietary habits, emotional stress, head injury, and smoking has been refined. In the next decade, better techniques will help us to close the gaps in our knowledge, including taking into account Parkinson's disease heterogeneity and gene and risk factor interactions in observational studies. To do this, larger datasets, global consortia, genomewide environment interaction studies, prospective studies throughout the lifespan, and improvements in the methodology of clinical trials of physical activity will be key. Despite the caveats of observational studies, a number of low‐risk and potentially high‐yield recommendations for lifestyle modification could be made to minimize the individual and societal burdens of Parkinson's disease, including dietary modifications, increasing physical activity, and head injury avoidance. Furthermore, a reduction in pesticide use could have a major impact on global health related to and beyond Parkinson's disease. Given the increasing prevalence of this disorder, formulating and promoting these recommendations should be a high priority. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

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“…Cumulative exposure to Pb, a heavy metal and also one of the CAPs (U.S. EPA 2016b), has also recently been found to correlate with poorer olfactory function among a cohort of older men (Grashow et al 2015). Pb is primarily stored in bone (Barry 1975), thus bone measurements were compared to olfactory function test results performed an average of 12 years later.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ambient Air Pollution Exposure on Olfaction: A Review

Ajmani

Suh

Pinto

2016

Environ Health Perspect

131

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Background:Olfactory dysfunction affects millions of people worldwide. This sensory impairment is associated with neurodegenerative disease and significantly decreased quality of life. Exposure to airborne pollutants has been implicated in olfactory decline, likely due to the anatomic susceptibility of the olfactory nerve to the environment. Historically, studies have focused on occupational exposures, but more recent studies have considered effects from exposure to ambient air pollutants.Objectives:To examine all relevant human data evaluating a link between ambient pollution exposure and olfaction and to review supporting animal data in order to examine potential mechanisms for pollution-associated olfactory loss.Methods:We identified and reviewed relevant articles from 1950 to 2015 using PubMed and Web of Science and focusing on human epidemiologic and pathophysiologic studies. Animal studies were included only to support pertinent data on humans. We reviewed findings from these studies evaluating a relationship between environmental pollutant exposure and olfactory function.Results:We identified and reviewed 17 articles, with 1 additional article added from a bibliography search, for a total of 18 human studies. There is evidence in human epidemiologic and pathologic studies that increased exposure to ambient air pollutants is associated with olfactory dysfunction. However, most studies have used proxies for pollution exposure in small samples of convenience. Human pathologic studies, with supporting animal work, have also shown that air pollution can contact the olfactory epithelium, translocate to the olfactory bulb, and migrate to the olfactory cortex. Pollutants can deposit at each location, causing direct damage and disruption of tissue morphology or inducing local inflammation and cellular stress responses.Conclusions:Ambient air pollution may impact human olfactory function. Additional studies are needed to examine air pollution–related olfactory impacts on the general population using measured pollution exposures and to link pollution exposure with olfactory dysfunction and related pathology.Citation:Ajmani GS, Suh HH, Pinto JM. 2016. Effects of ambient air pollution exposure on olfaction: a review. Environ Health Perspect 124:1683–1693; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP136

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Cumulative lead exposure is associated with reduced olfactory recognition performance in elderly men: The Normative Aging Study

Cited by 38 publications

References 72 publications

Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population‐based analysis

Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population‐based analysis

Environment, lifestyle, and Parkinson's disease: Implications for prevention in the next decade

Effects of Ambient Air Pollution Exposure on Olfaction: A Review

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