Current advances and challenges in COVID-19 vaccine development: from conventional vaccines to next-generation vaccine platforms

Abstract

The world is grappling with an unprecedented public health crisis COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Due to the high transmission/mortality rates and socioeconomic impacts of the COVID-19, its control is crucial. In the absence of specific treatment, vaccines represent the most efficient way to control and stop the pandemic. Many companies around the world are currently making efforts to develop the vaccine to combat COVID-19. This review outlines key strategies for generating SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates, along with the mechanism of action, advantages, and potential limitations of each vaccine. The use of nanomaterials and nanotechnology for COVID-19 vaccines development will also be discussed. Keywords SARS-CoV-2 • COVID -19 vaccine platform • Vaccine candidate • Vaccine efficacy • Nanoparticles-based vaccine Abbreviations ACE2Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 APC Antigen-presenting cell ChAdOx1Chimpanzee adenoviral vector 1 COVID-19 Coronavirus disease-19 CQD Carbon quantum dots LNP Lipid nanoparticles ID Intradermal IM Intramuscular MERS Middle east respiratory syndrome RBD Receptor binding domain SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 SC Subcutaneous siRNA Small interfering RNA TLR Toll-like receptor VLP Virus-like particle * Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani

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