Current Advances in Hydroxyapatite- and β-Tricalcium Phosphate-Based Composites for Biomedical Applications: A Review

Abstract

This review focuses on the advances made in the synthesis and application of hydroxyapatite (HA)-and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)-based composites for biomedical purposes, with focuses placed on both laboratory exploration and clinical translation. First, polymeric matrix materials are reviewed, with comparisons between naturally-and synthetically-derived polymers briefly introduced. Second, calcium phosphates used in hard tissue replacement are broadly reviewed, with primary distinctions between HA and β-TCP discussed. A wide range of HA-and β-TCP-polymer composites for various applications are then reviewed extensively, with both biological and mechanical properties emphasized, along with the various fabrication methods that have been developed. Finally, clinically implemented composites are surveyed, with commercially available products and their respective uses highlighted.