“…There is an urgent need seen by academia, industry, and policymakers for a change toward formaldehyde-free, more environmentfriendly adhesives produced from renewable resources, such as lignin, tannin, proteins, carbohydrates, and vegetable oils. 2,3 Lignin is an amorphous material consisting of highly branched aromatic macromolecules based on three basic phenylpropanoid components (coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols) enzymatically cross-linked during their biosynthesis. 4 Lignin provides lignocellulosic materials with strength, rigidity, and dimensional stability due to the chemical bonding with cellulose and hemicellulose, water impermeability, and transport within the plant, and it also has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties.…”