Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults — United States, 2005–2015

Jamal, Ahmed; Homa, David M.; O’Connor, Erin L.; Babb, Stephen; Caraballo, Ralph S.; Singh, Tushar; Hu, S. Sean; King, Brian A.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6544a2

Cited by 928 publications

(713 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The incidence of hypertension increases with age, with >65% of people aged ≥65 years having hypertension 1, 22. Therefore, the total numbers of people diagnosed with hypertension might be expected to increase over time, although this might be mitigated somewhat by improvements in certain risk factors for hypertension including decreased prevalence of smoking,23 improved diet quality24 and leveling off in the prevalence of obesity 25, 26. However, it was estimated that, on average, >137 000 Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years newly initiated antihypertensive medication each year from 2007 to 2012 20…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: A Population‐Based Cohort Study

Yang

Chang

Ritchey

et al. 2017

JAHA

102

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BackgroundAntihypertension medication (antihypertensive) adherence lowers risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); few studies have examined this association among older adults.Methods and ResultsWe assessed this association among Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries aged 66 to 79 years who were newly diagnosed with hypertension and initiated on antihypertensives in 2008–2009 (n=155 597). We calculated proportion of days covered (PDC) during follow‐up, using proportional subdistribution hazard models, to examine association between antihypertensive adherence and a composite CVD outcomes, including first incident of fatal/nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and heart failure. During follow‐up (median 5.8 years and 798 621 person‐years), we documented 47 198 CVD events. Among beneficiaries, 60.8%, 30.3%, and 8.9% had PDC ≥80%, 40% to 79%, and <40%. Crude incidence of CVD events were 40.1 (95% CI, 40.0–40.1), 93.9 (93.8–93.9), and 98.1 (98.1–98.2) per 1000 person‐years for PDC ≥80%, 40% to 79%, and <40%, respectively. Adjusted hazard ratios for CVD events were 1.0 (<40% as reference), 1.0 (0.97–1.03) for 40% to 79%, and 0.44 (0.42–0.45) for ≥80% (P<0.001). Dose‐response analysis suggested a nonlinear relationship between PDC and risk for CVD events with a protective effect of ≥80%. The pattern of associations between PDC and ischemic heart disease, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and heart failure were largely consistent as for CVD events and across different groups.ConclusionsAntihypertensive adherence was associated with a significantly lower risk of CVD events among older adults. There appeared to be a threshold effect in reducing CVD events at around PDC 80%, above which the risk for CVD reduced substantially.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: A Population‐Based Cohort Study

Yang

Chang

Ritchey

et al. 2017

JAHA

102

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“…Firstly, it is noteworthy that all participants were male, who tend to report higher prevalence of psychoactive substance use (EMCDDA, 2009;Jamal et al, 2016). Secondly, the majority of participants were young (M = 38.5 years) which is also often associated with higher levels of substance abuse (Anderson & Baumberg, 2006;Torres, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychoactive substance use and perception of mental health status in inmates of two Portuguese prisons

Marinho¹,

Vitória

2018

Psychol. Community Health

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Aim: To describe patterns of and associations between psychoactive substance use and perception of mental health status amongst male prisoners. Method: Participants consisted of 60 male prisoners, with a mean age of 38.5 (SD = 11.0). A standardised interview with three sections was carried out: 1) socio-demographic variables, 2) perception of mental health status by CORE-OM, 3) evaluation of psychoactive substance use and dependence (tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs).

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“…In addition, younger adults have higher rates of smoking compared with older adults. 48 Therefore, smoke-free policies in workplaces and hospitality venues may be more effective in younger age groups.…”

Section: Original Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Associations of Smoke-Free Policies and Incident Cardiovascular Disease

et al. 2018

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Editorial, see p 567BACKGROUND: Smoke-free legislation has been associated with lower rates of cardiovascular disease hospital admissions in ecological studies. However, prior studies lacked detailed information on individuallevel factors (eg, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics) that could potentially confound associations. Our objective was to estimate associations of smoke-free policies with incident cardiovascular disease in a longitudinal cohort after controlling for sociodemographics, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and policy covariates. METHODS:Longitudinal data from 3783 black and white adults in the CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; 1995 were linked to state, county, and local 100% smoke-free policies in bars, restaurants, and nonhospitality workplaces by Census tract. Extended Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) of incident cardiovascular disease associated with time-dependent smoke-free policy exposures. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular disease risk factors, state cigarette tax, participantreported presence of a smoking ban at their workplace, field center, and metropolitan statistical area poverty. RESULTS:During a median follow-up of 20 years (68 332 total personyears), 172 participants had an incident cardiovascular disease event (2.5 per 1000 person-years). Over the follow-up period, 80% of participants lived in areas with smoke-free policies in restaurants, 67% in bars, and 65% in nonhospitality workplaces. In fully adjusted models, participants living in an area with a restaurant, bar, or workplace smoke-free policy had a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease compared with those in areas without smoke-free policies (HR, 0.75, 95% confidence interval, HR, 0.76, 95% confidence interval, HR, 0.54, 95% confidence interval, respectively; HR, 0.58, 95% confidence interval, for living in an area with all 3 types of policies compared with none). The estimated preventive fraction was 25% for restaurant policies, 24% for bar policies, and 46% for workplace policies. CONCLUSIONS:Consistent with prior ecological studies, these individualbased data add to the evidence that 100% smoke-free policies are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged adults.

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Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults — United States, 2005–2015

Cited by 928 publications

References 6 publications

Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: A Population‐Based Cohort Study

Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: A Population‐Based Cohort Study

Psychoactive substance use and perception of mental health status in inmates of two Portuguese prisons

Longitudinal Associations of Smoke-Free Policies and Incident Cardiovascular Disease

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