Current Concepts of <i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i> Biofilm: Significance in Bacterial Vaginosis

Abstract

Gardnerella vaginalis (GV) has been implicated in BV development. Further, biofilm is accepted as one, if not the principle reason, for recurrent or recalcitrant BV. GV has defined virulence factors that contribute to biofilm, though more may be discovered within genomic information. Key players in genital tract microecology include GV, other species of the microbiome, and the epithelial base on which microbial interactions occur. The epithelium is influenced by various forces such as douching, smoking, diet, and estrogen: other potential factors are yet unidentified. All of these factors may contribute to bacterial vaginosis. Further, biofilms usually contain microbial species in addition to GV, and the mechanisms for supporting roles of these other species provide an opportunity for elucidation. Gaps in knowledge still exist in effective therapeutics aimed at biofilm, and better understanding of the process of bacterial quiescence, persistence, and biofilm formation is a key step in future research. Purpose: This review examines current literature for information about biofilm significance in relation to GV and bacterial vaginosis. Methods: Structured literature review.