Current Development in Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes by Immobilized Laccases

Abstract

The world today is in a quest for new means of environmental remediation as the methods currently used are not sufficient to halt the damage. Mostly, a global direction is headed toward a shift from traditional chemical-based methods to a more ecofriendly alternative. In this context, biocatalysis is seen as a cost-effective, energy saving, and clean alternative. It is meant to catalyze degradation of recalcitrant chemicals in an easy, rapid, green, and sustainable manner. One already established application of biocatalysis is the removal of dyes from natural water bodies using enzymes, notably oxidoreductases like laccases, due to their wide range of substrate specificity. In order to boost their catalytic activity, various methods of enhancements have been pursued including immobilization of the enzyme on different support materials. Aside from increased catalysis, immobilized laccases have the advantages of higher stability, better durability against harsh environment conditions, longer half-lives, resistance against protease enzymes, and the ability to be recovered for reuse. This review briefly outlines the current methods used for detoxification and decolorization of dye effluents stressing on the importance of laccases as a revolutionary biocatalytic solution to this environmental problem. This work highlights the significance of laccase immobilization and also points out some of the challenges and opportunities of this technology.

Synergistic effects of laccase and pectin on the color changes and functional properties of meat analogs containing beet red pigment

“…The currently established dye and pigment decolorization methods are classified into four main categories: physical, oxidative, enzymatic, and biological methods 18 . Among them, the enzymatic method using laccase (LC; EC 1.10.3.2) has been applied in various industrial scenarios 19 .…”

Disruptive Science and Sustainable Leadership for the Future of Colorants

“…At the molecular level, multiple enzymes have been explored to catalytically convert dye molecules into less toxic compounds of less color. Major enzymes with potential in this respect, are derived from laccase (benzenediol-oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2), high redox potential peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.X), polyphenol oxidases (EC 1.14.18.1), and azoreductases (azobenzene reductases, EC 1.7.1.6) classes (Morsy et al, 2020;Bello-Gil, 2018). Catalases are versatile enzymes catalyzing an oxidative reaction using hydrogen peroxide or an organic peroxide.…”

Functionalized Materials as a Versatile Platform for Enzyme Immobilization in Wastewater Treatment

“…For this reason, immobilized enzymes are often utilized in the degradation of wastewaters. During immobilization, the structure is stabilized, while the thermal and pH stability and repeatability are improved; it may thus become a good candidate for industrial application [25,34].…”