Current Diagnostic Tools for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of healthcare-associated and community-acquired infections. Infections with MRSA strains that are resistant to beta-lactams and other types of antibiotics are a serious therapeutic problem - first, because in such cases only a limited spectrum of antibiotics can be used; and second, because such infections require prolonged hospitalization and result in economic losses. Therefore, in order to limit the overspread of pathogens, the development of diagnostic tools enabling rapid identification of carriers and infected patients, as well as proper identification of drug-resistance mechanisms to enable development of more targeted clinical treatment, are vital. This article reviews the current knowledge concerning prospective diagnostics of MRSA infections.

METİSİLİNE DİRENÇLİ STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS KLİNİK İZOLATLARININ HIZLI BELİRLENMESİ İÇİN StaResMet®’İN PERFORMANSININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

“…Geleneksel kültür temelli metotlarla da metisilin direncinin tespiti için 16-24 saat gerekmektedir (1) . Ancak günümüzde BD GeneOhm™ MRSA (BD Diagnostics, San Diego, ABD), BD GeneOhm™ StaphSR (BD Diagnostics, San Diego, ABD), Xpert™ (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, ABD), IsoAmp® Rapid Detection kit (BioHelix Corp., ülke/şehir) gibi amplifikasyona dayalı moleküler yöntemlerle MRSA daha kısa sürede doğrudan saptanabilmektedir (8) . Şu anda, IDI-MRSA/GeneOhm MRSA (BD Diagnostics, Franklin Lakes, ABD) ve GeneXpert MRSA (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, ABD) dahil olmak üzere, MRSA'yı doğrudan klinik örneklerden saptamak için FDA onaylı ticari olarak temin edilebilen iki polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PZR) temelli test yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.…”

Viable Staphylococcus aureus Quantitation using 15N Metabolically Labeled Bacteriophage Amplification Coupled with a Multiple Reaction Monitoring Proteomic Workflow

“…Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a versatile pathogenic bacterium (1) responsible for a significant number of healthcare-associated and community-acquired infections (2). It causes a broad spectrum of infections ranging from acute to chronic disease (3,4) and is a common etiological agent of opportunistic infections.…”

“…An increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains are emerging, posing an even greater threat to the general public worldwide (5). For these reasons, the development and improvement of diagnostic methods that allow rapid identification and quantitation of this bacterium are highly critical (2).…”

“…Traditional identification through plate-culture requires 2-3 days, can require subculturing or biochemical analysis (6), and necessitates blood sample volumes difficult to obtain in pediatric patients (7). Molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR, RT-PCR, and qRT-PCR) are primarily based on particular genes specific to S. aureus (2) and offer the most sensitive measurements in the least amount of time, with the least amount of sample, but can be prone to ambiguous results that can only be resolved through sample cultivation (5). Additionally PCR is unable to distinguish dead bacteria from live cells, and the required reagents are relatively costly.…”

“…Additionally PCR is unable to distinguish dead bacteria from live cells, and the required reagents are relatively costly. Gene probe assays are promising in that they offer simple, rapid, and sensitive measurements and are lower in cost than PCR techniques (2,6). Several rapid methods (culture-based and molecular-based screening methods) for S. aureus are also available, allowing diagnostics within hours of collection time; however these tests can be costly and the majority yield qualitative, not quantitative results (8 -10).…”