Current knowledge about fetal and maternal microchimerism

Abstract

Microchimerism is characterized by the presence of circulating cells that are bidirectionally transferred between genetically distinct individuals. This phenomenon occurs physiologically during pregnancy and iatrogenically following blood transfusion and organ transplantation. Migrated cells can persist for extended periods, even decades. Research varies on the role of microchimeric cells in the pathogenesis of different diseases and their significance in tissue repair. Microchimerism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases such as systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroid diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, among others. In some cases, microchimerism contributes to the development of autoimmune diseases, while in others, it aids the body in overcoming particular diseases. These findings suggest that foreign cells could serve as a potential target for drugs aimed at treating autoimmune diseases or promoting the regeneration of damaged tissues. The concept of maternal and systemic microchimerism offers insights into certain evolutionary questions and the potential for preventing various pathological conditions.