Current Knowledge of Th22 Cell and IL-22 Functions in Infectious Diseases

Zhang, Kunyu; Chen, Lei; Zhu, Cuizhen; Zhang, Meng; Liang, Chaozhao

doi:10.3390/pathogens12020176

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 184 publications

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“…However, some related studies reported the upregulation of IL-22-producing CD4 + T cells in patients with acute hepatitis B compared to the controls [31,33]. Also, examining the serum level of patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 and healthy controls, researcherobserved the upregulation of IL-22 cytokines levels in COVID-19 patients [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Several studies have reported an association between increased levels of IL-22 and the severity of hepatic diseases, which can be attributed to the proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of IL-22 [29,30]. Detrimental prion flammatory effects have been illustrated to deteriorate certain conditions, such as hepatitis B and Helicobacter pylori infection [31]; also, previous research has highlighted that IL-22 and IL-22BP have a role in liver diseases with a particular focus on the leading causes of advanced liver failure, namely liver infections, liver damage, and liver malignancies [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22+ CD4+ subset in patients with hepatitis C virus and correlation with clinical factor

Khansalar

2024

Am J Clin Exp Immunol

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Background: CD4 + T cell responses in HCV infection have a crucial role in the immunopathology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Our aim was to investigate the frequency of Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells in HCV-infected patients and elucidate their role in the progression of the disease. Methods: Twenty-six HCV-infected patients and 26 healthy individuals were recruited. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stained to separate CD4, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22 producing cells using flow cytometry. Results: Results showed that the mean expression of IL-22 in CD4 + T cells was significantly lower in HCV-infected patients compared to healthy controls. About correlation with clinical factor and T subsets, a negative correlation between the frequency of CD4 + IFN-γ + cells and Thyroxine level (T4) was observed in the patients. The data showed a positive link between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), cholesterol levels, and the frequency of Th17 cells. In addition, a positive correlation was seen between serum creatinine level with both Th1 and Th17. Ultimately, it was found that there was a positive link between viral burden and IL-17 + IL-22 + cells and a negative correlation between viral load and pure Th22. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that Th22 cells may play a part in the immunopathology of HCV and show the associations between Thelper subsets and the clinical signs of the disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22+ CD4+ subset in patients with hepatitis C virus and correlation with clinical factor

Khansalar

2024

Am J Clin Exp Immunol

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“…Th22 cells, as a newly defined CD4 + T cell lineage, mainly secrete cytokines such as IL-22, which play an important role in skin homeostasis and pathological state [ 56 ]. Our results showed that the number of hair follicles in the skin of Th22 differentiation-promoting factor intervention group increased significantly, and the shape of hair follicles was closer to the mature state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Th22 is the effector cell of thymosin β15-induced hair regeneration in mice

Tao,

Ying,

et al. 2024

Inflamm Regener

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Background Thymosin beta family has a significant role in promoting hair regeneration, but which type of T cells play a key role in this process has not been deeply studied. This research aimed to find out the subtypes of T cell that play key role in hair regeneration mediated by thymosin beta 15 (Tβ15). Methods Ready-to-use adenovirus expressing mouse Tmsb15b (thymosin beta 15 overexpression, Tβ15 OX) and lentivirus-Tβ15 short hairpin RNA (Tβ15 sh) were used to evaluate the role of Tβ15 in hair regeneration and development. The effect of Th22 cells on hair regeneration was further studied by optimized Th22-skewing condition medium and IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP, an endogenous antagonist of IL-22, also known as IL-22RA2) in both ex vivo culture C57BL/6J mouse skin and BALB/c nude mice transplanted with thymus organoid model. Results The results show that Tβ15, the homologous of Tβ4, can promote hair regeneration by increasing the proliferation activity of hair follicle cells. In addition, high-level expression of Tβ15 can not only increase the number of Th22 cells around hair follicles but also accelerate the transformation of hair follicles to maturity. Consistent with the expected results, when the IL-22BP inhibitor was used to interfere with Th22, the process of hair regeneration was blocked. Conclusions In conclusion, Th22 is the key effector cell of Tβ15 inducing hair regeneration. Both Tβ15 and Th22 may be the potential drug targets for hair regeneration.

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“…Further work is needed to establish whether streptococcal skin infections induce intestinal damage or inflammation like colitis and whether increased IL-22 in the brain following CLN treatment is an unintended consequence of CLN therapy, causing gut dysbiosis and alterations through the bidirectional gut–brain axis. In addition to ILC3 cells, the Th22 subset of CD4 + cells is a primary source of IL-22 during infections [ 63 , 64 ]. Liang et al reported that TGF-β initiates the cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A, IL-22, and IL-6, and together, IL-17A and IL-22 are associated with skin innate immune responses [ 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent Brain Subregion Microgliosis in an HLA-II Mouse Model of Group A Streptococcal Skin Infection

Nookala,

Mukundan,

Grove

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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The broad range of clinical manifestations and life-threatening infections caused by the Gram-positive bacterium, Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A Streptococcus (GAS), remains a significant concern to public health, with a subset of individuals developing neurological complications. Here, we examined the concurrent neuroimmune effects of subcutaneous GAS infections in an HLA-Class II (HLA) transgenic mouse model of subcutaneous GAS infection. To investigate changes in the skin–brain axis, HLA-DQ8 (DQA1*0301/DQB1*0302) mice (DQ8) were randomly divided into three groups: uninfected controls (No Inf), GAS infected and untreated (No Tx), and GAS infected with a resolution by clindamycin (CLN) treatment (CLN Tx) (10 mg/kg/5 days) and were monitored for 16 days post-infection. While the skin GAS burden was significantly reduced by CLN, the cortical and hippocampal GAS burden in the male DQ8 mice was not significantly reduced with CLN. Immunoreactivity to anti-GAS antibody revealed the presence of GAS bacteria in the vicinity of the neuronal nucleus in the neocortex of both No Tx and CLN Tx male DQ8 mice. GAS infection-mediated cortical cytokine changes were modest; however, compared to No Inf or No Tx groups, a significant increase in IL-2, IL-13, IL-22, and IL-10 levels was observed in CLN Tx females despite the lack of GAS burden. Western blot analysis of cortical and hippocampal homogenates showed significantly higher ionized calcium-binding adaptor-1 (Iba-1, microglia marker) protein levels in No Tx females and males and CLN Tx males compared to the No Inf group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Iba-1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA3 and CA1 subregions was significantly higher in the CLN Tx males compared to the No Tx group. Our data support the possibility that the subcutaneous GAS infection communicates to the brain and is characterized by intraneuronal GAS sequestration, brain cytokine changes, Iba-1 protein levels, and concurrent CA3 and CA1 subregion-specific microgliosis, even without bacteremia.

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Current Knowledge of Th22 Cell and IL-22 Functions in Infectious Diseases

Cited by 16 publications

References 184 publications

IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22+ CD4+ subset in patients with hepatitis C virus and correlation with clinical factor

IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22+ CD4+ subset in patients with hepatitis C virus and correlation with clinical factor

Th22 is the effector cell of thymosin β15-induced hair regeneration in mice

Concurrent Brain Subregion Microgliosis in an HLA-II Mouse Model of Group A Streptococcal Skin Infection

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