Current Patient Management for Bacterial Meningitis Simultaneously Affected by Stroke

Abstract

Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a critical central nervous system infection characterized by increased risks of complications and potentially fatal outcomes. The chances of full recovery are significantly reduced in the presence of concomitant neurovascular complications such as ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral sinus thrombosis. Effective treatment of BM requires a targeted approach that simultaneously addresses the causative pathogen and manages the neurologically related complications. However, clinicians continue to face challenges in determining optimal pharmacotherapy for these patients. The presence of neurological complications is pivotal in determining patient outcomes, contributing to high disability and mortality rates. Early medical management is crucial and begins with essential stabilization followed by rapid diagnostic testing and the administration of empirical broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. The use of targeted antibiotics based on culture results is standard, with adjunct therapies such as dexamethasone and, in some cases, anticoagulants playing supportive roles. Despite the deployment of such comprehensive therapeutic strategies, the variability in treatment response and the high incidence of adverse outcomes necessitate ongoing research. This includes exploring novel therapeutic approaches and enhancing current clinical practices through retrospective studies and clinical trials to mitigate the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with BM and its complications. Strategic management is crucial for patient recovery, considering the substantial risk, a broad spectrum of complications, and fatal outcomes from this meningeal infection and stroke. The use of antimicrobial therapy with intravenous adjunct dexamethasone is the current standard of care for patients with cerebrovascular complications and acute BM. In addition, other options that can provide benefits in complicated cases include anticoagulants and neurosurgery. Further investigation into treatment algorithms for patients with meningeal infection complicated by stroke and/or increased intracranial pressure is still needed.