Current prevalence pattern of tobacco smoking in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

BackgroundNational smoking cessation strategies in Nigeria are hindered by lack of up-to-date epidemiologic data. We aimed to estimate prevalence of tobacco smoking in Nigeria to guide relevant interventions.MethodsWe conducted systematic search of publicly available evidence from 1990 through 2018. A random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression epidemiologic model were employed to determine prevalence and number of smokers in Nigeria in 1995 and 2015.ResultsAcross 64 studies (n = 54,755), the pooled crude prevalence of current smokers in Nigeria was 10.4% (9.0–11.7) and 17.7% (15.2–20.2) for ever smokers. This was higher among men compared to women in both groups. There was considerable variation across geopolitical zones, ranging from 5.4% (North-west) to 32.1% (North-east) for current smokers, and 10.5% (South-east) to 43.6% (North-east) for ever smokers. Urban and rural dwellers had relatively similar rates of current smokers (10.7 and 9.1%), and ever smokers (18.1 and 17.0%). Estimated median age at initiation of smoking was 16.8 years (IQR: 13.5–18.0). From 1995 to 2015, we estimated an increase in number of current smokers from 8 to 11 million (or a decline from 13 to 10.6% of the population). The pooled mean cigarettes consumption per person per day was 10.1 (6.1–14.2), accounting for 110 million cigarettes per day and over 40 billion cigarettes consumed in Nigeria in 2015.ConclusionsWhile the prevalence of smokers may be declining in Nigeria, one out of ten Nigerians still smokes daily. There is need for comprehensive measures and strict anti-tobacco laws targeting tobacco production and marketing.

Behavioral risk factors for hypertension among adults living with HIV accessing care in secondary health facilities in Lagos State, Nigeria

“…All the smokers were males as consistent with what obtains in Nigeria where tobacco use is predominantly among males. [ 26 ] In contrast, in a cross-sectional study conducted among PLWHIV in Jos, Nigeria, the prevalence of those who had or were currently smoking cigarette was reported to be 25.7%. [ 27 ] The low prevalence of tobacco use in this study may be attributed to the fact that there was a greater proportion of females in the study who have been documented to be less likely to smoke, unlike males.…”

“…[ 27 ] The low prevalence of tobacco use in this study may be attributed to the fact that there was a greater proportion of females in the study who have been documented to be less likely to smoke, unlike males. [ 26 ]…”

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“…This study indicated considerable variation across geographical areas, from 5.4% in North-west to 32.1% in North-East. [ 26 ] The range across Iran is also quite wide. A meta-analysis conducted by Moosazadeh in 2013 found that smoking prevalence was estimated to be 22.9 (20.6–25.2) in men and 0.6 (0.3–0.9) in women.…”

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